Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My BDS2 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the dangers of drug use?

A

Allergies = death

Toxicity = death

Interactions with other drugs which can have an effect on absorption and metabolism of other drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do LA work on?

A

Block propagation of impulses on ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a positive action of adrenaline (vasoconstrictor)?

A

Constricts the blood vessels and allows the drug to remain in the desired area for longer.

Allows lower volume of the drug to be used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the negative actions of adrenaline (vasoconstrictor)?

A

Constricts vessels allows drug to remain in the area for longer which can be toxic to the nerve tissue.

People can also have a reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name examples of local anaesthetics.

A 
Lignocaine.
Prilocaine.
Articaine.
Bupivivaine.
Mepivicaine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name commonly prescribed antibiotics.

A

Amoxycillin
Metronidazole.

Doxycycline.
Clindamycin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name antiviral drugs and how they can be used.

A

Aciclovir: topical/systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the drugs used in treating pain and inflammation called?

A

Analgesics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of analgesic reduces inflammatory mediators?

A

NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of analgesics reduce he inflammation process?

A

Corticosteroids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do NSAID work?

A

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis.

Change balance of PGE1 and PGE2.

Inhibit COX 1 and 2 enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What effect can NSAIDs have on blood?

A

NSAID has an effect on thromboxanes which makes the platelets less adhesive = more bleeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is aspirin rapidly absorbed from?

A

The GIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of clearance does aspirin have?

A

Fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the actions of aspirin (NSAID)?

A

Reduces synthesis of prostaglandins.

Reduces production of inflammatory mediators.

Anti-pyrexic. (Reduces fever)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an advantage of using aspirin (NSAID)?

A

It is a pre-emptive analgesic. Can be taken before the inflammatory process begins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the side effects of Aspirin (NSAID). (5)

A

Gastric irritation= ulcerations.

Inhibition of platelet function = enhanced bleeding.

Bronchospasm = Effect on asthma.

Drug interactions (protein binding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do corticosteroids reduce inflammation?

A

Inhibits capillary permeability.

Inhibits the formation of bradykinin.

Inhibits the migration of white blood cells.

Reduces eicosanoid synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the disadvantage of using corticosteroids?

A

They suppress the inflammation but do not address the cause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the ways that corticosteroids can be administered?

A

Topically

Systemically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give 2 examples of topical corticosteroids.

A 
Steroid inhalers.
Hydrocortisone cream (eczema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List the 3 steroid treatments for mouth ulcers.

A

Beclomethasone inhalers.

Hydrocortisone adhesive tablets.

Betamethasone solutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prednisolone tablets are systemic corticosteroids, what are the uses of these tablets?

A

Prevent transplant rejection.

Treat immunological diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dexamethasone injections are systemic corticosteroids, what are the uses of these injections?

A

Reduce swelling after surgery.

i.e wisdom tooth removal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the danger with taking systemic steroids for a prolonged period of time?

A

If you take the steroids for a prolonged period of time side effects WILL occur.

The longer u take the steroid the more serious the side effects will become.
High BP
Weight gain
Change is fat distribution (centripetal obesity)
Gastric ulcers
Adrenal suppression
Osteoporosis
Diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the side effects of systemic steroids?

A 
High BP
Weight gain
Change is fat distribution (centripetal obesity)
Gastric ulcers
Adrenal suppression
Osteoporosis
Diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name anxiolytic drugs.

A

Benzodiazepines:

Diazepam, midazolam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the action of benzodiazepines?

A

Have an effect on the gamma receptor in membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the dangers of using benzodiazepines?

A

The drug is helpful whilst in use but problems occur once the medication is removed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Name an anxiolytic gas.

A

Nitrous oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the advantages of nitrous oxide?

A

The amount of effect can be adjusted during the procedure.

No issues with organ metabolism, is excreted unchanged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When can nitrous oxide not be used and why?

A

In pregnancy.

Interferes with folic acid metabolism which is required for the formation of the brain and spinal cord in an embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the functions of the thyroid hormone?

A

Balance bodys metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What messengers (2) does thyroxine replace?

A

T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How must the dosage of the thyroxine tablets be altered?

A

Gradually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do thyroxine tablets act?

A

Directly upon the tissues - no effect on the gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Name the 2 types of nerve communication.

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What drug acts on the sympathetic NS? What is this stimulation called?

A

Adrenaline

Adrenergic stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What drug acts on the parasympathetic NS?What is this stimulation called?

A

Acetylecholine

Cholinergic stimulation

40
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic NS? How does this occur?

A

Speeds up heart rate via beta-receptors.

41
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic NS? How does this occur?

A

Slows the heart via cholinergic receptors.

42
Q

What autonomic drug is a beta agonist?

A

Adrenaline

43
Q

What autonomic drug is a beta blocker?

A

Atenolol

44
Q

What autonomic drug is a cholinergic agonist?

A

Pilocarpine

45
Q

What autonomic drug is a cholinergic blocker?

A

Atropine

46
Q

In terms of drug/receptor interaction, what happens if the drug does not find the receptor?

A

No effect

47
Q

In terms of drug/receptor interaction, what happens if the drug binds to the receptor yet the fit isn’t ideal?

A

Shape of protein remains unaltered so no effect occurs. However, the binding site is blocked.

48
Q

In terms of drug/receptor interaction, what happens if the drug (agonist) binds and the fits the shape of the binding site?

A

Causes a shape change which has an effect with the cell.

49
Q

What are the 2 components in drug-receptor activity?

A

Drug-receptor interaction.

Drug induced response.

50
Q

What are the 2 main points components of drug receptor interaction?

A

AFFINITY

OCCUPANCY

51
Q

In drug-receptor interaction what is the definition of affinity?

A

How well the drug and receptor bind.

52
Q

n drug-receptor interaction what is the definition of occupancy?

A

How long the drug and receptor are bound together.

53
Q

What is the main component in the drug induced response?

A

How effective the drug is in producing a change within the cell.

54
Q

Define AGonist.

A

Binds to a receptor and causes and effect.

55
Q

Define partial AGonists.

A

A drug that is more difficult to produce an effect. Some of the effect is produced but not all.

56
Q

How can the effect of partial AGonists be increased?

A

Increasing the concentration of the partial agonist.

DOESN’T WORK FOR ALL PARTIAL AGONISTS.

57
Q

Name the 2 types of ANTagonists.

A

Competitive

Non-competitive.

58
Q

How can the effect of a reversible antagonist be reduced?

A

By increasing the concentration of the AGonist

59
Q

What is the effect of irreversible ANTagonists?

A

Binds and reduces the availability of receptors for the AGonist.

60
Q

Name an example of a reversible ANTagonist.

A

Atenolol

61
Q

Name an example of an irreversible ANTagonist.

A

Phenoxybenzamine

62
Q

Define ANTagonist.

A

Drug that binds to the binding site and blocks it. No effect produced.

63
Q

Name 5 routes of administration.

A 
Oral
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Inhalation
64
Q

What type of administration does and inhaler fall into?

A

Topical.

Once inhaled the drug doesn’t reach the alveoli and is absorbed via the surface of airways. = topical

65
Q

What are the advantages of oral administration?

A

Socially acceptable, more people likely to take drugs via oral method.

66
Q

What are the disadvantages of oral administration?

A

Slow onset

Variable absorption: some of the drug is lost on route, never know exactly how much is being directly absorbed.

Drug can be destroyed by gastric acid.

First pass metabolism: drug passes through the portal vein into the liver where is it partially metabolised. Only a portion of the drug actually reaches circulation.

67
Q

List other factors that can affect oral absorption.

A

Lipid solubility- can only be absorbed if the drug is soluble in lipids.

Drug formulation- Drugs can be coated which allows absorption at different stages in the route.

Problems with GI motility- drug can’t be passed through the GI tract.

Drug can interact with other substances in the gut.

Disease of the GI tract- some patients may not have enough bowel to allow absorption.

68
Q

(First pass metabolism) All blood from the GI tract drains into the hepatic portal vein. Which 2 veins do not?

A

Sublingual

Rectal

69
Q

In terms of managing FPM what do some drugs have the ability to do?

A

Some drugs can become activated after being metabolised in the liver.

70
Q

What is a disadvantage of FPM?

A

More drug needs to be administered orally so the desired amount can reach the circulation- have desired clinical effect.

e.g. Glyceryl Trinitrate.

71
Q

Before administering an oral drug, what is important to consider?

A

If the patient has normal liver function. Cant give high dosages of drugs since the liver cannot metabolise it efficiently.

72
Q

When does abnormal liver function occur?

A

In extremes of life.

Those with liver disease.

73
Q

What are the advantages of non-oral drug administration?

A

Predictable plasma levels

No first pass metabolism.

74
Q

What are the disadvantages of non-oral drug administration?

A

Reactions are more severe: occur all over body not localised.

Difficult to self-medicate.

Drug cost higher.

75
Q

Define bioavailability.

A

Proportion of an administered drug that is available for clinical effect.

e.g.
IV = 100%
Oral = variable

76
Q

In terms of drug distribution what determines where the drug will travel to?

A

Circulation.

Areas with higher blood flow receive more of the drug.

77
Q

Define the 2 phases in drug elimination.

A

Phase 1:
Inactivating the drug via oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis etc. Reactions make changes to the drugs which inactivate them.

Phase 2:
Conjugation. A molecule is bound to the drug which helps the drug be filtered and excreted by the kidney.
i.e glucuronidation, sulphation, methylation etc

78
Q

How can drugs be excreted?

A

Renal-urine, liver-bile, lungs-gas, sweat, saliva.

79
Q

What is the main way drugs are excreted?

A

Kidney-urine.

80
Q

Define single compartment models.

A

Drug behaves as if it is evenly distributed throughout the body.

81
Q

Define two compartment models.

A

Drug behaves as if it is in equilibrium with different tissues in the body.

82
Q

How do you work out drug clearance?

A

Plasma half life. (t 0.5)

First order kinetics
Zero order kinetics

83
Q

Define 1st order kinetics.

A

Most common.

Drug elimination/absorption by PASSIVE DIFFUSION.

Proportional to the drug concentration. The higher the concentration the faster the removal.

Logarithmic graph is a straight line. Constant half life.

84
Q

Define Zero order kinetics.

A

Elimination is and ACTIVE process can be saturated by high drug concentrations.

Linear graph of drug elimination. Constant amount of drug us eliminated per unit time.

85
Q

What are the consequences of a dosing schedule that is too frequent?

A

Toxic plasma levels depends on drugs therapeutic index.

86
Q

What are the consequences of a dosing schedule that is too infrequent?

A

No clinical effect

87
Q

Define pharmacodynamics.

A

The interactions between the drug and the body.

88
Q

Define Pharmacokinetics.

A

How the body processes the drug.

89
Q

Define bioavailability.

A

The amount of drug present in the circulation that is able to produce an effect.

90
Q

What information do you need to know before creating a dosing schedule?

A

The half life of the drug.
The drug clearance time.
The function of the liver/kidney.

91
Q

What are the 2 classes of local anaesthetic?

A

Amides (most common) and esters.

92
Q

How can you tell what LA are amides? (Hack)

A

Amides have an i in the prefix of the name, not the ‘caine’ bit. i.e. Lidocaine.

93
Q

In 1% LA how many milligrams are in 1 millilitre?

A

10 miligrams to 1 millilitre.

94
Q

What drugs should you avoid interacting with warfrin?

A

Antifungals

95
Q

What drugs should you avoid interacting with statins (for lowering cholesterol)?

A

Antifungals.

96
Q

Name anti fungal drugs and how they are administered.

A

Nystatin: Topical
Fluconazole: oral

My BDS2 (72 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions