Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My BDS2 > Diseases of the Blood > Flashcards

Diseases of the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is a FBC? (Full blood count)

A

A measure of all the cells in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a HCT? (Haematocrit)

A

The proportion of cells to liquid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a low HCT mean?

A

Losing blood cells quicker than you can replenish them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a high HCT mean?

A

Lots of blood cells create a viscous blood which is prone to clotting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the MCV? (Mean cell volume?)

A

The average size of the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define anaemia.

A

Low amounts of haemoglobin in the blood.

In the form of:
Lots of RBC with little haemoglobin.
Small amounts of RBC with lost of haemoglobin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Low white blood cell count .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Low platelet count. (Platelets create clotting capacity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

Reduction in all cells of the blood.

Can be an indication of bone marrow issues - where blood cells formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Raised levels of haemoglobin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define leukocytosis.

A

Raised white blood cell count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define thrombocythaemia.

A

Raised platelet levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define leukaemia.

A

Neoplastic proliferation of white cells, usually disseminated throughout the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Lymphoma.

A

Neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells, SOLID tumor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the indications for blood transfusion? (In what two situations are blood transfusions given)

A

Where 1 or more components of the blood have to be replaced quickly (from a great loss.)

When bone marrow cannot produce blood cells.
i.e. in leukaemia - bone marrow overproducing WBC and not producing RBC or platelets etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the 2 blood antigen systems.

A

ABO

D (rhesus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the safest way a blood transfusion can be given?

A

Blood given by yourself.
The donor blood is taken weeks in advance of when the blood is required. Gives the patients blood time to recover before the operation/transfusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What blood type is universally given?

A

Group O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What blood group can recieve any blood?

A

Group AB

20
Q

List the complications of blood transfusions.

A

Incompatible blood:
leads to lysis of RBC = jaundice, fever and death.
The cells burst and release the contents into circulation.

Fluid overload:
Going from a low volume of blood to a high volume can over work the heart.
Dangerous in those with cardiovascular problems, the old and the young.

Transmission of infection:
Blood borne viruses, prion disease (causes brain damage) and bacterial infections.

21
Q

What PROTEINS regulate clotting/haemostasis?

A

Protein C and S

22
Q

Describe the 3 components of haemostatic disorders.

A

Vascular component - associated with collagen disorders

Cellular component - platelet no. and function

Coagulation component - ability to balance clotting and break down of clots.
Availability of clotting factors.

23
Q

What is involved in the cellular component of haemostatic disorders.

A

platelet number and function.

24
Q

What assumption is made in terms of the cellular component? (Haemostatic disorders)

A

Adequate number of cells = adequate function

25
Q

What have an effect on the cellular component?

A

NSAIDs and Asprin.

Permanent effect on platelets, takes 7-10 days for regeneration.

26
Q

What is involved in the coagulation component of haemostatic disorders.

A

Is there adequate amounts of clotting factors being made and used. BALANCE

Is there adequate amounts of clotting and adequate amounts of clot lysis. BALANCE

27
Q

What is coagulation regulated by?

A

The chemicals released by the blood vessels

28
Q

In a clinical sitation how do you approach diagnosis of a haemostatic disorder?

A

Take a history - attention made to prolonged bleeding after extractions and minor cuts.

Visual cues: (Blotches on skin from bruising underneath)
Purpura
ecchymosis
Petechiae

29
Q

What investigations can you carry out to determine haemostatic disorders?

A

Most common/useful:
Full blood count - count platelet numbers.
INR and APPT - How well the clots are produced

Bleeding time - determines platelet funtion.
LFT (clotting factor synthesisi)

30
Q

What is haemophilia? What are the types of haemophilia?

A

Tendency to excessively bleed.
Range of severity

Haemophilia A - inherited deficiency of factor 8 (clotting factor)
Christmas disease/Haemophilia B - inherited deficiency of factor 9 (clotting factor)
Von Willebrand’s disease - Inherited deficiency of factor 8 paired with a lack of VW protein on platelets.

31
Q

WHo is affected by haemophilia?

A

Males (females are carrers)

32
Q

What is thrombophilia?

A

Tendency to clot.

33
Q

What factors increase the risk of thrombophilia?

A

Smoking
Immobility; Travel and surgery associated
Trauma: Body goes into exaggerated clotting.
Medication: the pill
Pregnancy

34
Q

List anti platelet drugs (old and new) what is their action?

A

Prevent platelet aggregation - leads to clot formation.

Aspirin
Clopidogrel

New:
Prasugrel

35
Q

List anticoagulant drug (old and new) what is their action?

A

Prevents clots from forming and growing

Warfarin

New:
Rivaboxaban
Apixaban

36
Q

What is porphyria?

A

VERY DANGEROUS - most individuals are unaware

Abnormality of haem metabolism.

37
Q

What are the 2 main groups of porphyria?

A

Hepatic prophrias

Erythropoietic porphyrias

38
Q

What are the clinical effects of porphyria?

A 
Photosensitive rash
Neuropsychiatric disturbances: Motory/sensory changes, seizures. 
Hypertension
Tachycardia
Death
39
Q

What are the triggers of porphyria?

A 
Medications: LOCAL ANAESTHETIC
Pregnancy
Acute infections
Alcohol
Fasting
40
Q

What will many dental patients confuse an episode of porphyria with?

A

An allergy to local anaesthetic.

41
Q

What could multiple reductions in blood cells indicate?

A

Bone marrow failure.

42
Q

What could multiple increases in blood cells indicate?

A

Pre-neoplastic myelodysplasia which can lead to leukaemia.

43
Q

Describe the process of blood transfusion.

A

Blood taken from patient
Tested against blood types; ABO and rhesus
Tested against the donor sample
Matched blood is given to the patient

44
Q

In terms of haemostasis; what occurs in trauma?

A

Chemicals are released by cells that enhance/speed up clotting

45
Q

What are the visual signs of clotting disorders?

A

Petechiae - Bleeding under the skin
Ecchymosis - bruising from blood under the skin
Purpura - prurple blotches on the skin/mucous membrane.

46
Q

What are anti platelet drugs used in?

A

Treating atherosclerosis

47
Q

What are anticoagulant drugs used in?

A

Treating thrombphilia

My BDS2 (72 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions