Oral Functions 4 - Swallowing Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of swallowing and what types of control are they under?
Buccal - voluntary
Pharyngeal - involuntary
Oesophageal - involuntary
What are the differences between swallowing liquids and swallowing solids?
Liquid:
True posterior oral seal
Swallowed from the mouth
Solids:
No true posterior seal
Mouth and the oropharynx are continuous so they are swallowed from the oropharynx
Describe the tongue movements in SWALLOWING solids.
Squeeze back Mechanism:
Contact between tongue and hard palate in the opening and occlusal stage of the chewing cycle.
Contact zone moves progressively backwards and the tongue squeezes the processed food through the fauces.
What does the duration of the masticatory sequence depend on?
Consistency of the food.
How does the body prevent reflux whilst swallowing?
Elevation of the soft palate
Sides of the tongue contact the pillars/fauces
Dorsum of the tongue contacts the posterior pharyngeal wall.
Lower oesophageal sphincter
Upper oesophageal sphincter
List the types of tooth wear.
Erosion
Abrasion
Attrition
Abfraction
What are the types of erosion? What causes each of them?
Intrinsic - stomach acid from reflux/regurgitation/vomiting.
Extrinsic - dietary factors
What is an indication of erosion?
Palatal cupping
What is attrition?
Contact between 2 occluding teeth.
Occlusal surface of both upper and lower equally affected.
What usually causes attrition?
Parafunction - bruxism
How is attrition treated?
As dentists we can only manage
Treatment is psychological.
What is usually associated with erosion and why?
Abrasion.
Erosion weakens the surface of the tooth and makes it more susceptible to wear from an object that will come into contact with the tooth surface i.e. toothbrush.
Unusual to see abrasion on its own - if it is, it’s caused by chewing/biting of an object.
What is abfraction?
Stress lesions on the teeth
Where is abfraction most commonly seen in the oral cavity?
Cervical regions of premolars
How does the body protect the airway during swallowing?
Upwards and forwards movement of the larynx
Retraction of the laryngeal inlet - aryepiglottic muscles and epiglottis
Adduction of the vocal chords
Apnoea (stop breathing)
What is Dysphasia?
Specific language disorder
What is the name given to a specific language disorder?
Dysphasia
What cause Dysphasia?
Injury to the brain in specific regions: Wernicks and brocas areas.
What is the name given to the condition which involves severe pain on swallowing?
Odynophagia
What is Odynophagia?
Extreme pain on swallowing
What is Dysarthria?
Difficulty speaking as a result of problems to the muscles of speech.
What is the name given to the condition which involves difficult speaking due to problems with the muscles of speech?
Dysarthria
What causes Dysarthria?
Neuromuscular defects that affect descending neural pathways, cranial nerves and vocal muscles.
What are the oral causes of speech defects?
Malocclusion Missing teeth Dentures Cleft lip/palate dry mouth (xerostomia) Anterior open bite - thumb sucking, skeletal defects and tongue thrust.
What speech problems occur from loss of anterior teeth?
Inability to pronounce ‘f’ ‘v’ ‘ph’
incisal edge of the anterior teeth have to contact the vermillion border of the lip to verse these sounds
What causes rocking of the denture?
Restricted tongue space
What occurs if the base plate of the denture is too thick?
Prevents tongue closely adapting to the plate
‘s’ sounds become ‘sh’ sounds
What happens if there is limited salivary production?
Difficulty in pronouncing certain words
Cannot swallow
