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Pathology > Renal, Genitourinary & Breast Pathology > Flashcards

Renal, Genitourinary & Breast Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

The kidney is very rich in:

A

Blood supply

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2
Q

What is the yellow structure located on top of the kidney?

A

adrenal gland

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3
Q

What is the difference between hematuria and hemoglobinuria:

A

Hematuria: red blood cells in your urine

Hemaglobinuria- hemaglobinin your urine (red/clear coca-cola urine)

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4
Q

The kidney is described as structurally complex, explain:

A

Only 0.4% of body weigh but filters 25% of blood through the glomeruli

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5
Q

How much of the total body weight does the kidney comprise?

A

0.4%

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6
Q

The kidney filters ______% of blood through ____

A

25% ; glomeruli

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7
Q

The kidney is responsible for excretion of:

A

nitrogenous waste products of metabolism

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8
Q

The kidney is responsible for the regulation of:

A

body water & electrolytes

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9
Q

The kidney excretes nitrogenous waste products of metabolism- cleans the blood and turns _____ into urine

A

1.5 L

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10
Q

The kidney is responsible for maintaining appropriate _____ balance

A

acid-base

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11
Q

The kidney is considered a ____ organ meaning it secretes _____

A

endocrine; hormones

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12
Q

What are two hormones secreted by the kidney?

A
  1. renin
  2. erythropoietin
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13
Q

The kidney secretes renin, which functions in:

A

blood pressure

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14
Q

The kidney secretes erythropoietin which causes:

A

proliferative effect on bone marrow to make RBCs

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15
Q

Label the following parts of the kidney:

A

A: Ureter
B: Medial margin
C: Renal pelvis
D: Renal vein
E: Renal artery
F: Hilus
G: Medial margin
H: Fibrous capsule
I: Superior extremity
J: Lateral margin
K: Stellate veins
L: Inferior extremity

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16
Q

Label the highlighted boxes:

A

A: Cortex
B: Medulla (pyramid)
C: Minor calyces
D: Major calyces
E: Minor calyces

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17
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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18
Q

Morphological components of the kidney include:

A
  1. glomeruli
  2. convoluted tubules
  3. collecting ducts
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19
Q

What is seen in the following image?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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20
Q

What element of the kidney is responsible for controlling blood pressure?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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21
Q

label the white boxes in the following image:

A

Top: JG cells
Bottom: Macula densa

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22
Q

Where are the juxtaglomerular cells located? What is their function?

A

Wall of afferent arteriole; sensor for blood pressure

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23
Q

Where is the macula densa located? What is its function?

A

In wall of distal convoluted tubule; sensor for sodium

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24
Q

The juxtaglomerular cells are a sensor for _____ while the macula densa is a sensor for ____

A

blood pressure; sodium

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25
Q

Complex of the kidneys responsible for controlling blood pressure:

A

Juxtaglomerular complex

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26
Q

Elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels:

A

Azotemia

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27
Q

Azotemia is the elevation of:

A

blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels

28
Q

Azotemia is usually related to:

A

reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

29
Q

Azotemia is associated with many _____ but may also be associated with ____

A

primary renal disorders; extra-renal disorders

30
Q

What are the two categories of extra-renal azotemia?

A
  1. Pre-renal azotemia
  2. post-renal azotemia
31
Q

Extra-renal azotemia that occurs due to hypo perfusion of the kidneys decreasing the GFR in the absence of parenchymal damage:

A

Pre-renal azotemia

32
Q

Give an example of a condition that may lead to pre-renal azotemia:

A

CHF

33
Q

Extra-renal azotemia that occurs due to urine flow obstruction below the level of the kidney:

A

Post-renal azotemia

34
Q

Give an example of a condition that may lead to post-renal azotemia:

A

Stone in ureter

35
Q

Progression of azotemia to produce clinical manifestations and systemic biochemical abnormalities:

A

Uremia

36
Q

Uremia results from failure of:

A

renal excretory function

37
Q

What type of alterations are associated with uremia:

A

Metabolic and endocrine alterations

38
Q

Uremia can be described as a _____ condition

A

chronic

39
Q

Uremia is not only a kidney disease but can also have:

A

Multi-organ involvement

40
Q

Secondary involvement of organ systems in uremia include: (4)

A
  1. uremic gastroenteritis
  2. peripheral neuropathy
  3. uremic fibrinous pericarditis
  4. uremic stomatitis
41
Q

Glomerular syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria:

A

Nephrotic syndrome

42
Q

Glomerular syndrome characterized by acute onset of grossly visible hematuria, mild-to-moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension (classic presentation of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis):

A

nephritic syndrome

43
Q

Oliguria or anuria with recent onset of azotemia. May result from glomerular injury or acute tubular necrosis:

A

Acute renal failure

44
Q

Prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia – the end result of all renal disease:

A

Chronic renal failure

45
Q

Bacteriuria and pyuria – symptomatic or asymptomatic – kidney or bladder involvement:

A

Urinary tract infections

46
Q

Urinary tract infection involving the kidney:

A

pylonephritis

47
Q

Urinary tract infection involving the bladder:

A

cystitis

48
Q

Kidney stones – colic, hematuria:

A

nephrolithiasis

49
Q

Urinary tract obstruction & renal tumors are both:

A

Clinical manifestations of renal diseases

50
Q
  • glomerular syndrome
  • a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing the to leak large amounts of protein from the blood into the urine
  • heavy proteinuria
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • severe edema
  • hyperlipedemia
  • lipiduria
A

Nephrotic syndrome

51
Q
  • glomerular syndrome
  • a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged causing them to leak protein and red blood cells from the blood into the urine
  • acute onset
  • grossly-visible hematuria
  • mild-to-moderate proteinuria
  • azotemia
  • edema
  • hypertension
A

Nephritic syndrome

52
Q

Trigger words for nephrotic syndrome:

A

Protein (large amounts of proteins from blood into urine); severe edema

53
Q

Trigger words for nephritic syndrome:

A

Protein AND red blood cells (from the blood into urine); grossly-visible hematuria; hypertension

54
Q

An immune mediated disease of the renal glomeruli:

A

glomerulonephritis

55
Q

Glomerulonephritis is treated with:

A

steroids

56
Q

An infection of the kidney (not the glomerulus) usually caused by bacteria and of retrograde origin:

A

Pyelonephritis

57
Q

Pylelonephritis is treated with:

A

antibioitics

58
Q

Postinfectious glomerulonephritis =

A

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

59
Q

Acute onset of nephritic syndrome in 9-14 days following streptococcal infection:

A

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (postinfectious nephritis)

60
Q

Post-streptococcla nephritis is the acute onset of ____ in _____ days following _____ infection

A

nephritic syndrome; 9-14 days; streptococcal

61
Q

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephrtisis is due to a _____ immune injury (immune complex-mediated inflammation)

A

Type III immune injury

62
Q

What is the LEAST common pathway of renal infection?

A

Hematogenous dissemination

63
Q

What is the MOST common pathway of renal infection?

A

Ascending infection

64
Q

One cause of renal infection leading to pyelonephritis is due to ____ bacteria from ____

A

fecal; perineal area

65
Q

When diagnosing

A

Pathology (28 decks)

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