Renal, Genitourinary & Breast Pathology Flashcards by Annabella Moody

The kidney is very rich in:

Blood supply

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What is the yellow structure located on top of the kidney?

adrenal gland

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What is the difference between hematuria and hemoglobinuria:

Hematuria: red blood cells in your urine

Hemaglobinuria- hemaglobinin your urine (red/clear coca-cola urine)

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The kidney is described as structurally complex, explain:

Only 0.4% of body weigh but filters 25% of blood through the glomeruli

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How much of the total body weight does the kidney comprise?

0.4%

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The kidney filters ______% of blood through ____

25% ; glomeruli

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The kidney is responsible for excretion of:

nitrogenous waste products of metabolism

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The kidney is responsible for the regulation of:

body water & electrolytes

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The kidney excretes nitrogenous waste products of metabolism- cleans the blood and turns _____ into urine

1.5 L

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The kidney is responsible for maintaining appropriate _____ balance

acid-base

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The kidney is considered a ____ organ meaning it secretes _____

endocrine; hormones

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What are two hormones secreted by the kidney?

renin
erythropoietin

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The kidney secretes renin, which functions in:

blood pressure

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The kidney secretes erythropoietin which causes:

proliferative effect on bone marrow to make RBCs

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Label the following parts of the kidney:

A: Ureter
B: Medial margin
C: Renal pelvis
D: Renal vein
E: Renal artery
F: Hilus
G: Medial margin
H: Fibrous capsule
I: Superior extremity
J: Lateral margin
K: Stellate veins
L: Inferior extremity

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Label the highlighted boxes:

A: Cortex
B: Medulla (pyramid)
C: Minor calyces
D: Major calyces
E: Minor calyces

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What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

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Morphological components of the kidney include:

glomeruli
convoluted tubules
collecting ducts

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What is seen in the following image?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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What element of the kidney is responsible for controlling blood pressure?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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label the white boxes in the following image:

Top: JG cells
Bottom: Macula densa

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Where are the juxtaglomerular cells located? What is their function?

Wall of afferent arteriole; sensor for blood pressure

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Where is the macula densa located? What is its function?

In wall of distal convoluted tubule; sensor for sodium

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The juxtaglomerular cells are a sensor for _____ while the macula densa is a sensor for ____

blood pressure; sodium

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Complex of the kidneys responsible for controlling blood pressure:

Juxtaglomerular complex

Elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels:

Azotemia

Azotemia is the elevation of:

blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels

Azotemia is usually related to:

reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Azotemia is associated with many _____ but may also be associated with ____

primary renal disorders; extra-renal disorders

What are the two categories of extra-renal azotemia?

1. Pre-renal azotemia 2. post-renal azotemia

Extra-renal azotemia that occurs due to hypo perfusion of the kidneys decreasing the GFR in the absence of parenchymal damage:

Pre-renal azotemia

Give an example of a condition that may lead to pre-renal azotemia:

CHF

Extra-renal azotemia that occurs due to urine flow obstruction below the level of the kidney:

Post-renal azotemia

Give an example of a condition that may lead to post-renal azotemia:

Stone in ureter

Progression of azotemia to produce clinical manifestations and systemic biochemical abnormalities:

Uremia

Uremia results from failure of:

renal excretory function

What type of alterations are associated with uremia:

Metabolic and endocrine alterations

Uremia can be described as a _____ condition

chronic

Uremia is not only a kidney disease but can also have:

Multi-organ involvement

Secondary involvement of organ systems in uremia include: (4)

1. uremic gastroenteritis 2. peripheral neuropathy 3. uremic fibrinous pericarditis 4. uremic stomatitis

Glomerular syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria:

Nephrotic syndrome

Glomerular syndrome characterized by acute onset of grossly visible hematuria, mild-to-moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension (classic presentation of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis):

nephritic syndrome

Oliguria or anuria with recent onset of azotemia. May result from glomerular injury or acute tubular necrosis:

Acute renal failure

Prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia -- the end result of all renal disease:

Chronic renal failure

Bacteriuria and pyuria -- symptomatic or asymptomatic -- kidney or bladder involvement:

Urinary tract infections

Urinary tract infection involving the kidney:

pylonephritis

Urinary tract infection involving the bladder:

cystitis

Kidney stones -- colic, hematuria:

nephrolithiasis

Urinary tract obstruction & renal tumors are both:

Clinical manifestations of renal diseases

- glomerular syndrome - a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing the to leak large amounts of protein from the blood into the urine - heavy proteinuria - hypoalbuminemia - severe edema - hyperlipedemia - lipiduria

Nephrotic syndrome

- glomerular syndrome - a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged causing them to leak protein and red blood cells from the blood into the urine - acute onset - grossly-visible hematuria - mild-to-moderate proteinuria - azotemia - edema - hypertension

Nephritic syndrome

Trigger words for nephrotic syndrome:

Protein (large amounts of proteins from blood into urine); severe edema

Trigger words for nephritic syndrome:

Protein AND red blood cells (from the blood into urine); grossly-visible hematuria; hypertension

An immune mediated disease of the renal glomeruli:

glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is treated with:

steroids

An infection of the kidney (not the glomerulus) usually caused by bacteria and of retrograde origin:

Pyelonephritis

Pylelonephritis is treated with:

antibioitics

Postinfectious glomerulonephritis =

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Acute onset of nephritic syndrome in 9-14 days following streptococcal infection:

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (postinfectious nephritis)

Post-streptococcla nephritis is the acute onset of ____ in _____ days following _____ infection

nephritic syndrome; 9-14 days; streptococcal

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephrtisis is due to a _____ immune injury (immune complex-mediated inflammation)

Type III immune injury

What is the LEAST common pathway of renal infection?

Hematogenous dissemination

What is the MOST common pathway of renal infection?

Ascending infection

One cause of renal infection leading to pyelonephritis is due to ____ bacteria from ____

fecal; perineal area

When diagnosing