Lecture 1 Study Guide (Introduction to general & systemic path)

Question 1

The cause of a disease process:

Answer 1

Etiology

Question 2

The mechanism of disease development:

Answer 2

Pathogenesis

Question 3

The biochemical and structural changes induced in cells and organs:

Answer 3

Molecular and morphologic changes

Question 4

The functional consequences of the morphologic changes:

Answer 4

Clinical manifestations

Question 5

Any abnormal condition that may impair bodily function, cause discomfort, social problems, death, injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, alterations of behavior, and atypical variations of structure and function:

Answer 5

Disease

Question 6

Disease may be classified as:

Answer 6

Intrinsic or extrinsic

Question 7

Any type of clinical or molecular abnormality:

Answer 7

Lesion

Question 8

A lesion that can occur due to irritation by biting cheek/tongue, a sharp tooth, etc.

Answer 8

traumatic ulcer

Question 9

A white lesion that is irregular and thickened, often can’t find a reason for it:

Answer 9

Leukoplakia

Question 10

Tooth lesion that may be xerostomia-related:

Answer 10

Carious lesion

Question 11

Pigmented lesion, irregular in shape:

Answer 11

Melanoma

Question 12

What is the most common intraoral site for melanoma in adults?

Answer 12

the palate

Question 13

Basal cell carcinoma and sturge weber syndrome (encephotrigeminal angiomatosis) are both considered ____ lesions

Answer 13

Visible

Question 14

-Visible lesion
-Associated with cognitive disorder
-1st and 2nd branch of trigeminal nerve affected:

Answer 14

Sturge weber syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis)

Question 15

Lesions that may be located deep within the body:

Answer 15

Invisible lesions

Question 16

Invisible lesions may be ____ lesions or ____ lesions

Answer 16

Molecular lesions or biochemical lesions

Question 17

Give two examples of invisible lesions that are located deep within the body:

Answer 17

1. lung cancer
2. breast cancer

Question 18

Give three example of lesions that are invisible due to their molecular/biochemical basis:

Answer 18

1. diabetes mellitus
2. schizophrenia
3. Phenylketonuria (PKU)- enzyme deficiency

Question 19

-Invisible biochemical lesion
-Autosomal recessive disorder of phenylalanine metabolism
-mutation = phenylalanine hydroxylase (enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine)
-phenylalanine is toxic to the brain and causes profound, irreversible mental retardation (cognitive disorder)
-diagnosed by the Guthrie test (if positive remove phenylalanine from diet for life)

Answer 19

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 20

The name of the disease should give a clue to the ______ or _____ involved

Answer 20

Cause or organ system

Question 21

Disease names may change overtime, such as:

1. moniliasis =
2. cementoma =
3. odontogenic keratocyst =
4. calcifying odontogenic cyst =
5. geographic tongue =

Answer 21

1. candidiasis
2. cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. keratocystic odontogenic tumor
4. calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor
5. erythema migrans

Question 22

Diseases may have multiple names, such as:

1. Paget disease of bone =
2. geographic tongue =

Answer 22

1. osteitis deformans
2. erythema migrans

Question 23

Diseases may be identified by eponyms, such as:

1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis =
2. Clotting factor 9 deficiency =
3. Calcifying odontogenic cyst =
4. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor =

Answer 23

1. Lou Gehrig Disease
2. Christmas Disease
3. Gorlin Cyst
4. Pindborg Tumor

Question 24

Diseases may be identified by acronyms such as:

1. medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw =
2. odontogenic keratocyst =
3. basal cell nevus syndrome =
4. calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor =

Answer 24

1. MRONJ
2. OKC
3. BCNS
4. CEOT

Question 25

What is the difference between a sign and symptom of a disease?

Answer 25

Sign: objective, something you see Symptom: subjective, something the patient tells you

Question 26

Something the patient tells you (subjective):

Answer 26

Symptom

Question 27

Something you see (objective):

Answer 27

Sign

Question 28

A sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt:

Answer 28

pathognomic

Question 29

Diseases may vary in their prevalence- a rare disease with low prevalence is considered:

Answer 29

Orphan disease

Question 30

1. Marfan syndrome 2. Cystic fibrosis 3. Treacher Collins syndrome 4. Sickle cell anemia 5. Multiple endocrine neoplasia II 6. Peutz Jegher syndrome 7. Gorlin syndrome 8. Ewing sarcoma these are all examples of:

Answer 30

Orphan diseases

Question 31

Refers to the disease state of an individual:

Answer 31

Morbidity

Question 32

Refers to the incidence (number) of illness in a population:

Answer 32

Morbidity

Question 33

Refers to the states of being mortal, or the incidence (number) of death in a population:

Answer 33

Mortality

Question 34

Simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions:

Answer 34

Comorbidity

Question 35

The identifying nature or cause of some phenomenon:

Answer 35

Diagnosis

Question 36

A prediction about how something will develop, prospect of recovery:

Answer 36

Prognosis

Question 37

Label the following as sign or symptom: 1. headache 2. high blood pressure 3. rash

Answer 37

1. symptom 2. sign 3. sign/symptom

Question 38

Categories of disease include: (6)

Answer 38

1. developmental 2. infectious 3. neoplastic 4. metabolic 5. immune-mediated 6. reactive

Question 39

Define the category of disease: -genetic, environmental

Answer 39

Developmental disease

Question 40

Define the category of disease: -bacteria, viruses, fungi, MMR

Answer 40

Infectious disease

Question 41

Define the category of disease: -benign, malignant (can metastasize)

Answer 41

Neoplastic disease

Question 42

Define the category of disease: -endocrine

Answer 42

Metabolic disease

Question 43

Define the category of disease: -allergy, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity

Answer 43

Immune-mediated disease

Question 44

Define the category of disease: -traumatic, physical, chemical, factorial, iatrogenic injuries

Answer 44

Reactive disease

Question 45

Cherubism is an example of a _____ disease

Answer 45

Developmental disease

Question 46

-Autosomal dominant -Puffy appearance; causes expansion of jaws (maxilla) -multiloculated and giant cell lesions- will resolve -palatal tori

Answer 46

Cherubism- Developmental disease

Question 47

-autosomal dominant -jaw osteomas- benign jaw timors -a familial intestinal polyposis syndrome -low jaw bone density is a marker of this disease -polyps (red bumps) can undergo transformation

Answer 47

Gardner syndrome- developmental disease

Question 48

Gardner syndrome is an example of a _____ disease

Answer 48

Developmental disease

Question 49

Amelogenesis imperfect is an example of a _____ disease

Answer 49

Developmental disease

Question 50

-Autosomal dominant -chalky white teeth due to mutation in enamel protein -enamel flakes off teeth

Answer 50

Amelogenesis imperfecta- developmental disease

Question 51

Primary herpetic gingivostomatisis is an example of a ______ disease

Answer 51

Infectious disease

Question 52

-inflammation of the oral mucosa and gingiva caused by the herpes virus -all of us carry this

Answer 52

Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis- infectious disease

Question 53

-Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma (neoplasm) -excessive GH from pituitary (usually tumor) -mandible continues to grow, creating prognathic appearance -this is AFTER growth plates have fused

Answer 53

Acromegaly- metabolic disease

Question 54

Acromegaly is an example of a _______ disease

Answer 54

Metabolic disease

Question 55

-short stature -delayed dental eruption

Answer 55

Hypothyroidism- metabolic disease

Question 56

Hypothyroidism is an example of a _____ disease

Answer 56

Metabolic disease

Question 57

A granular cell tumor is an example of a _____ disease

Answer 57

Neoplastic disease

Question 58

A squamous cell carcinoma is an example of a _____ disease

Answer 58

Neoplastic disease

Question 59

-one of the most common ulcers -T-lymphocytes destroy mucosal surface

Answer 59

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sore) - immune-mediated disease

Question 60

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sore) is an example of a ____ disease

Answer 60

Immune-mediated disease

Question 61

-autoimmune disease affecting gingiva -easy separation of overlying epithelium to underlying connective tissue with light stream of air

Answer 61

Mucous membrane pemphigoid (desquamative gingivitis) - immune-mediated disease

Question 62

Mucous membrane pemphigoid (desquamative gingivitis) is an example of a _____ disease

Answer 62

Immune-mediated disease

Question 63

-overgrowth of normal healing tissue -reaction to an irritant- will go away when irritant is removed (i.e., calculus)

Answer 63

Pyogenic granuloma- reactive disease

Question 64

A pyogenic granuloma is an example of a ____ disease

Answer 64

Reactive disease

Question 65

-gingival overgrowth caused by the underlying systemic disease along with an infection -can be considered both reactive or metabolic

Answer 65

Gingival hyperplasia- due to DM

Question 66

Gingival hyperplasia is an example of a _____ disease

Answer 66

Both reactive or metabolic diseases

Question 67

Allows the passage of X-rays, appears black. Destruction of bone:

Answer 67

Radiolucent

Question 68

Blocks the passage of X-rays. Appears white. Formation of bone or other mineralized material:

Answer 68

Radiopaque

Question 69

A small circumscribed elevated lesion usually less than 1cm in diameter, usually contains serous fluid:

Answer 69

Vesicle

Question 70

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 70

Vesicle

Question 71

A circumscribed elevated lesion that is around 1cm in diameter, usually contains serous fluid:

Answer 71

Bulla

Question 72

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 72

Bulla

Question 73

Various sized circumscribed elevations containing pus:

Answer 73

Pustule

Question 74

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 74

Pustule

Question 75

A segment of lobe that is part of the whole, these lobes sometimes appear fused together:

Answer 75

Lobule

Question 76

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 76

Lobule

Question 77

An area that is usually distinguished by a color that is different from that of the surrounding tissue. It is flat and does not protruded above the surface of normal tissue:

Answer 77

Macule

Question 78

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 78

Macule

Question 79

A small circumscribed lesion usually less than 1cm in diameter, that is elevated or protrudes above the surface of the normal surrounding tissue:

Answer 79

Papule

Question 80

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 80

Papule

Question 81

A circumscribed lesion, usually greater than 1cm in diameter, that is elevated or protrudes above or below the surface of normal surrounding tissue:

Answer 81

Nodule

Question 82

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 82

Nodule

Question 83

Attached by a a stem-like or stalk base: (CANNOT use this term alone)

Answer 83

Pedunculated

Question 84

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 84

Pedunculated lesion

Question 85

Describing the base of a lesion that is flat stem-like: (CANNOT use this term alone)

Answer 85

Sessile

Question 86

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 86

Sessile lesion

Question 87

A loss of continuity of the epithelium that penetrates to the underlying connective tissue:

Answer 87

Ulcer

Question 88

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 88

Ulcer

Question 89

A patch or differentiated area on a body surface:

Answer 89

Plaque

Question 90

Describe the lesion in this image:

Answer 90

Plaque

Question 91

A surface texture that can be described as wrinkled:

Answer 91

Corrugated

Question 92

A surface texture that can be described as a cleft or groove, normal otherwise, showing prominent depth:

Answer 92

Fissure

Question 93

A surface texture resembling small nipple-shaped projections or elevations found in clusters:

Answer 93

Papillary

Question 94

Describe the surface textures of the following three images from left to right:

Answer 94

Smooth Rough Folded

Question 95

Describe this image:

Answer 95

Ill-defined, radiopacity

Question 96

Describe this image:

Answer 96

Multi-locular, well defined, radiolucency

Question 97

Describe this image:

Answer 97

Well-defined, unilocular, radiolucency

Question 98

Describe this image:

Answer 98

Multiple well-defined, unilocular, radiolucencies

Question 99

Describe this image:

Answer 99

Multiple vesicles

Question 100

Describe this image:

Answer 100

Sessile nodule

Question 101

Describe this image:

Answer 101

Pedunculated papule

Question 102

Describe this image:

Answer 102

Ulcer with erythmatous ring