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Pathology > Head & Neck Developmental disorders > Flashcards

Head & Neck Developmental disorders Flashcards

1
Q

One of the most common major congenital defects:

A

Orofacial clefts

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2
Q

Results from disturbances in growth of face & oral cavity:

A

Orfacial clefts

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3
Q

Defective fusion with the medial nasal process and maxillary process:

A

Cleft lip

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4
Q

Cleft lip occurs due to defect fusion of:

A

Medial nasal process & maxillary process

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5
Q

Failure of the palatal shelves to fuse:

A

Cleft palate

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6
Q

A cleft palate occurs due to failure of fusion of the:

A

palatal shelves

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7
Q
  1. cleft lip + cleft palate:
  2. cleft palate only:
  3. cleft lip only:
A
  1. cleft lip + cleft palate: 45%
  2. cleft palate only: 30%
  3. cleft lip only: 35%
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8
Q

Orofacial clefts are most common in what population?

A

Native Americans and asians

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9
Q

Causes and risk factors for orofacial clefts include:

A
  1. genetic factors (syndromic)
  2. environmental factors
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10
Q

What environmental factors are associated with orofacial cleft risk?

A
  1. maternal alcohol & tobacco
  2. anticonvulsant therapy (Phenytoin: 10x risk!)
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11
Q

What supplement may be a prevention to orofacial clefts?

A

Folic acid

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12
Q

Orofacial cleft that extends upward into the nostril:

A

Complete CL

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13
Q

Orofacial cleft that does not involves the nose:

A

incomplete CL

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14
Q

Orofacial cleft that may involve hard & soft palate:

A

Cleft palate

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15
Q

A minimal manifestation of orofacial clefts:

A

Bifid uvula

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16
Q

Orofacial clefts may interfere with teeth development such as:

A
  1. hypodontia
  2. malformed teeth
  3. bony defects
  4. malocclusion
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17
Q

Treatment of orofacial clefts includes:

A
  1. multidisciplinary approach
  2. surgical treatment
  3. prosthetic appliances
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18
Q

Congenital invaginations of the lower lip:

A

Paramedian lip pits

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19
Q

Paramedian lip pits inheritance pattern:

A

autosomal dominant

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20
Q

Clinical features:

-B/L & symmetrical fistulas on either side of the midline of lower lip
-subtle depression or prominent bulge
-Van der Woude syndrome

A

Paramedian lip pits

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21
Q

Van der Woude syndrome (seen in Paramedian lip pits) is characterized by:

A

lip pits with cleft lip & or cleft palate

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22
Q

Most common form of syndromic clefting:

A

Van der Woude syndrome

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23
Q

Treatment of Paramedian lip pits includes:

A

None (except for cosmetic reasons)

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24
Q

Ectopic sebaceous glands in oral mucosa:

A

Fordyce granules

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25
Q

Clinical features:

-multiple yellow or yellow-white papulate
-common on the buccal mucosa, vermillion of upper lip, retromolar pad, tonsillar area

A

Fordyce granules

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26
Q

Treatment of Fordyce granules:

A

none

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27
Q

Leukoedema is a ____ condition with a ____ cause

A

common; unknown

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28
Q

Clinical features:

-diffuse, gray-white color
-folded, wrinkled mucosa
-B/L buccal mucosa
-White appearance that disappears when mucosa is stretched

A

Leukoedema

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29
Q

Treatment for Leukoedema:

A

None

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30
Q

T/F: Microglossia is a common developmental condition

A

False- rare

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31
Q

Clinical features:

-abnormally small tongue
-may be associated with a syndrome

A

Microglossia

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32
Q

Treatment of microglossia:

A
  1. depends on nature & severity
  2. surgery and orthodontics
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33
Q

Enlargement of tongue:

A

Macroglossia

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34
Q

T/F: Macroglossia is primarily associated with one condition

A

False- may be caused by a variety of conditions

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35
Q

Form of macroglossia characterized by vascular malformations, lymphangioma, hemihyperplasia, & down syndrome:

A

Congenital macroglossia

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36
Q

Form of macroglossia characterized by edentulous patients, amyloidosis, & myxedema:

A

Acquired macroglossia

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37
Q

What form of macroglossia is most common in patients with Down syndrome:

A

Congenital

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38
Q

AKA tongue-tie:

A

Ankyloglossia

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39
Q

Developmental anomaly of the tongue:

A

Ankyloglossia

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40
Q

Clinical features:

-short, thick frenum
-may result in speech defects
-breastfeeding difficulties

A

Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie)

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41
Q

Treatment for Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie):

A

Frenectomy for functional problems

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42
Q

Typically the thyroid bud descends into:

A

neck- anterior to trachea

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43
Q

When the primitive thyroid gland does not descend normally & ectopic thyroid tissue is found between foramen cecum & epiglottis:

A

lingual thyroid

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44
Q

Where is ectopic thyroid tissue found in the case of lingual thyroid:

A

between foramen cecum & epiglottis

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45
Q

Clinical features:

-most common in females (4x) due to hormonal influences
-ectopic gland (70%) is often only thyroid tissue
-ranges in size: small= asymptomatic but large may = airway blockage, dysphagia, dyspnea
-hypothyroidism (33%)

A

Lingual thyroid

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46
Q

Small amounts of ectopic thyroid tissue (lingual thyroid) may be ______ however large amounts of ectopic thyroid tissue may ______ causing ____ or ____

A

asymptomatic; block airway; dysphagia; dyspnea

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47
Q

How would you diagnose a lingual thyroid?

A

thyroid scan

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48
Q

What would you want to avoid with diagnosis of a lingual thyroid?

A

excisional biopsy- as this may be the patients only thyroid tissue

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49
Q

Treatment of lingual thyroid:

A
  1. periodic follow-up
  2. thyroid hormone replacement
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50
Q

A fissured tongue is often _____ but may also be a _____

A

hereditary; degenerative process

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51
Q

Clinical features:

-dorsal surface grooves, furrows
-2-6mm in depth
-usually asymptomatic
-strong association with geographic tongue

A

Fissured tongue

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52
Q

Treatment for fissured tongue include:

A

none, encourage good oral hygeine

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53
Q

Marked elongation of filiform papillae due to keratin accumulation:

A

Hairy tongue

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54
Q

Hairy tongue is due to ____ accumulation

A

Keratin

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55
Q

Risk factors for hairy tongue include: (5)

A
  1. smoking
  2. poor oral hygiene
  3. general debilitation
  4. radiation therapy
  5. medications
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56
Q

Clinical features:

-dorsal tongue
-elongated papillae (usually brown, yellow, or black)
-patient may complain of bad taste

A

Hairy tongue

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57
Q

Treatment of hairy tongue:

A
  1. eliminate predisposing factors (i.e. tobacco)
  2. oral hygiene
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58
Q

Abnormally dilated tortuous veins:

A

Varicosites

59
Q

Varicosities can be described as a ____ process

A

Age-related degenerative

60
Q

Clinical features:

-sublingual varicosities (2/3 of people above age 60)
-blue-purple elevated papular blebs (ventral + lateral tongue)
-may also occur on the lips & buccal mucosa
-usually asymptomatic

A

Varicosities

61
Q

Treatment of varicosities:

A

Sublingual varicosities - none

Solitary varicosisites (other locations)- may need excision to confirm diagnosis

62
Q

Localized bony protuberances arising from cortical plate:

A

exostosis

63
Q

Exostosis may be related to:

A

stresses from teeth

64
Q

Clinical features:

-observed in adults
-occur in the buccal & palatal regions
-may be tooth stress related

A

Exostosis

65
Q

Treatment of exostosis:

A
  1. distinctive clinically (decide whether it needs treatment or not)
66
Q

If a patient getting dentures presents with exostosis what needs to occur?

A

surgical removal

67
Q

Bony hard nodule of midline suture of hard palate:

A

torus palatinus

68
Q

What sex & population is torus palatinus most common in?

A

Females 2:1
Asian + Inuit

69
Q

Treatment of torus palatines:

A

Deciding clinically whether treatment (surgical excision) needs to be performed

70
Q

Clinical + radiographic features:

-bony hard nodule on lingual aspect of mandible
-90% B/L involvement
-most common in premolar region
-most common in asian & Inuit population
-Radiographically: bony nodule superimposed on teeth

A

Torus mandibularis

71
Q

Torus mandibularis is most common in what location of the oral cavity? Most common in what population?

A

Premolar region; asian & inuit people

72
Q

How does torus mandibularis appear radiographically?

A

Bony nodule superimposed on teeth

73
Q

Developmental defect in mandibular alveolar bone:

A

Stafne defect

74
Q

The developmental defect seen in Stafne defect may contain:

A

Normal salivary gland tissue

75
Q

Stafne defect most commonly occurs in:

A

males (80-90%)

76
Q

Radiograpic features:

-Radiolucency below the mandibular canal
-Lingual cortical defect
-occasionally may occur anteriorly
-well circumscribed with sclerotic border
-usually remains static over time
-asymptomatic

A

Stafne defect

77
Q

Treatment for stafne defect:

A

None

78
Q

Small developmental cysts on palate of newborn:

A

Palatal cyst of the newborn

79
Q

Palatal cyst of the newborn may result from:

A

trapped epithelium during palatal fusion & embryogenesis

80
Q

Clinical features:

-common, may occur in 55-85% of newborns
-most along the midline of hard & soft palate
-appear as small white or yellow-white papules on palate
-cysts are 1-3mm and filled with keratin

A

Palatal cyst of the newborn

81
Q

Treatment of palatal cyst of the newborn:

A

none

82
Q

Most common developmental non-odontogenic cyst:

A

nasopalatine duct cyst

83
Q

The nasopalatine duct cyst arises from:

A

remnants of nasopalatine duct

84
Q

Nasopalatine duct cysts are most common in the:

A

4th-6th decade of life (especially in males)

85
Q

Clinical features:

-may exhibit swelling of anterior palate
-drainage
-occasionally painful
-1-2.5 cm in diameter

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

86
Q

Radiographic features:

-Well-circumscribed radiolucency near midline of anterior maxilla apical to central incisors
-may be difficult to distinguish small cyst from large incisive foramen

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

87
Q

What may be difficult to distinguish from large incisive foramen:

A

nasopalatine duct cyst

88
Q

Treatment of nasopalatin duct cyst:

A

surgical enucleation

89
Q

Common cyst of the skin, arises from the hair follicle:

A

Epidermoid cyst of the skin

90
Q

Account for 80% of follicular cysts of the skin:

A

Epidermoid cyst of the skin

91
Q

Clinical features:

-common in acne prone regions
-common areas: scalp, face, back
-nodular, fluctuant subcutaneous swelling
-unusually before puberty unless associated with Gardner syndrome

A

Epidermoid cyst of the skin

92
Q

Epidermoid cyst of the skin is unusual before puberty unless:

A

associated with Gardner Syndrome

93
Q

Treatment of Epidermoid cyst of the skin:

A

Conservative enucleation

94
Q

Developmental cystic malformation:

A

Dermoid cyst

95
Q

Lined by epidermis, with dermal adnexal structures within cyst wall:

A

Dermoid cyst

96
Q

Benign cystic form of a teratoma:

A

Dermoid cyst

97
Q

Developmental tumor composed of more than one germ layer (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm):

A

Teratoma

98
Q

Teratomas are most common in the:

A

ovaries & testes

99
Q

Head & neck dermoid cysts are most common in _____ at _____

A

Children & young adults at midline FOM

100
Q

Describe a dermoid cyst in children & young adults:

A

Soft, doughy mass- may produce submental swelling

101
Q

Treatment of dermoid cyst:

A

surgical excision

102
Q

Arises from thyroglossal duct remnants that normally undergo atrophy:

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

103
Q

Clinical features:

-develop from foramen cecum to suprasternal notch
-60-80% develop adjacent to hyoid bone
-50% of these are diagnosed by age 20
-fluctuant, movable swelling
-usually asymptomatic

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

104
Q

Treatment for thyroglossal duct cyst:

A

surgical excision

105
Q

Developmental cyst that develops from the branchial arch remnants:

A

Branchial cleft cyst

106
Q

Clinical features:

-located in the upper lateral neck anterior or deep to SCM
-develop in young children & adults
-soft fluctuant mass (1-10cm in diameter)

A

branchial cleft cyst

107
Q

Treatment of branchial cleft cyst:

A

Surgical excision

108
Q

Lesion that develops from oral lymphoid tissue:

A

Lymphoepithelial cyst

109
Q

Clinical features:

-small submucosal mass (usually less than 1cm)
-common on posterior lateral tongue & anterior tonsillar pillar
-firm or soft to palpation
-keratin in lumen
-often white or yellow
-usually asymptomatic

A

Lymphoepithelial cyst

110
Q

Treatment of lymphoepithelial cyst:

A
  1. Surgical excision should NOT occur
  2. if distinctive biopsy is NOT necessary
111
Q
A

Cleft palate

112
Q
A

Cleft palate + cleft lip

113
Q
A

Bifid uvula

114
Q
A

Paramedian lip pits

115
Q
A

Fordyce granules

116
Q
A

Leukoedema

117
Q
A

Leukoedema

118
Q
A

Microglossia

119
Q
A

Macroglossia

120
Q
A

Macroglossia

121
Q
A

Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie)

122
Q
A

Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie)

123
Q
A

Lingual thyroid

124
Q
A

Fissured tongue

125
Q
A

Hairy tongue

126
Q
A

Hairy tongue

127
Q
A

Varicosities

128
Q

What papilla are involve in hairy tongue?

A

Filiform

129
Q
A

Varicosities

130
Q
A

Exososis

131
Q
A

Torus mandibularis

132
Q
A

Torus mandibularis

133
Q
A

Stafne defect

134
Q
A

Palatal cyst of newborn

135
Q
A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

136
Q
A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

137
Q
A

Epidermoid cyst of the skin

138
Q
A

Dermoid cyst

139
Q
A

Dermoid cyst

140
Q
A

Dermoid cyst

141
Q
A

Branchial duct cyst

142
Q
A

Lymphoepithelial cyst

143
Q
A

Lymphoepithelial cyst

144
Q
A

Lymphoepithelial cyst

Pathology (28 decks)

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