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Pathology > Inflammation & Repair > Flashcards

Inflammation & Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Nomenclature of inflammatory diseases include:

A

Name of organ/tissue + “itis” = inflammation in that organ/tissue

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2
Q

Inflammation of the tonsils:

A

Tonsillitis

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3
Q

Diagnose this image:

A

Tonsillitis

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4
Q

Inflammation of the appendix:

A

Appendicitis

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5
Q

Diagnose this image:

A

Appendicitis

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6
Q

Inflammation of the periotoneum:

A

Peritonitis

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7
Q

Diagnose this image:

A

Peritonitis

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8
Q

Inflammation of the lymph node:

A

Lymphadenitis

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9
Q

Means the lymph node is enlarged due to being inflamed:

A

Lymphadenitis

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10
Q

Diagnose this image:

A

Lymphadenitis

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11
Q

Some of the following organs do not follow the typical nomenclature for inflammation- define the correct term for inflammation of the following organs:

  1. fallopian tube
  2. cornea
  3. glans penis
  4. bladder
A
  1. salpingitis
  2. keratitis
  3. balanitis (Reiter’s syndrome)
  4. Cystitis
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12
Q

What are some terms to classify inflammation: (3)

A
  1. acute or chronic inflammation
  2. exudative or non-exudative inflammation
  3. morphologic patterns (serous, fibrinous, suppurative, ulcerative)
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13
Q

We may classify inflammation based on morphologic patterns, including: (4)

A
  1. serous
  2. fibrinous
  3. suppurative
  4. ulcerative
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14
Q

What type of inflammation is categorized as:

-rapid onser, short duration (minutes to days)
-emigration of leukocytes, predominately neutrophils
-exudation of fluid and plasma proteins

A

Acute inflammation

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15
Q

Describe the onset & duration of acute inflammation:

A

Rapid onset, short duration (minutes to days)

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16
Q

Describe the cells involved in acute inflammation:

A

Emigration of leukocytes, predominately neutrophils

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17
Q

Describe the exudation pattern of acute inflammation:

A

Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins

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18
Q

The following image represents acute inflammation- what cells are indicative of this?

A

Leukocytes, primarily neutrophils

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19
Q

What type of inflammation is being described?

-Longer duration
-Mononuclear cells- macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
-Proliferation of blood vessels & fibroblasts

A

Chronic inflammation

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20
Q

Describe the duration of chronic inflammation:

A

Longer duration

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21
Q

What cells are present in chronic inflammatiom?

A

Mononuclear cells- macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells

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22
Q

Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cells such as:

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells

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23
Q

“proliferation of blood vessels and fibroblasts” describes what type of inflammation?

A

Chronic

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24
Q

“exudation of fluid and plasma proteins” describes what type of inflammation?

A

Acute

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25
Q

What type of cells are present in this image of chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells

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26
Q

What cell can be seen in the following image?
What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

Neutrophil; acute inflammation

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27
Q

What cell can be seen in the following image?
What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

Neutrophils; acute inflammation

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28
Q

What cell can be seen in the following image?
What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

Plasma cells; chronic inflammation

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29
Q

How is acute vs. chronic inflammation determined by a pathologist?

A

Based on types of cells present

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30
Q

How is acute vs. chronic inflammation determined by a clinican?

A

Based on intensity & duration

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31
Q

What cell can be seen in the following image?
What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

Neutrophil; acute inflammation

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32
Q

What cell can be seen in the following image?
What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

Plasma cell; chronic inflammation

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33
Q

What cell can be seen in the following image?
What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

Macrophage; chronic inflammation

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34
Q

What cell can be seen in the following image?
What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

Lymphocyte; chronic inflammation

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35
Q

If a cell under a microscope appears to have its nucleus pushed off to the side, this is characteristic of:

A

Plamsa cells

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36
Q

If a cell under a microscope appears to be darkly staining, small, and contains little cytoplasm this is characteristic of:

A

Lymphocyte

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37
Q

Inflammation accompanied by production of fluid:

A

Exudative inflammation

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38
Q

Inflammation accompanied by no production of fluid:

A

Non-exudative inflammation

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39
Q

_____ inflammation tends to be more exudative

A

Acute inflammation

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40
Q

The following image shows what type of inflammation?

A

Exudative inflammation

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41
Q

_____ inflammation is frequently non-exudative and is often associated with fibrosis and scarring

A

Chronic

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42
Q

Chronic inflammation is often associated with ____ & ____

A

fibrosis & scarring

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43
Q

What type of inflammation is associated with fibrosis and scarring (such as that seen in this inage)

A

Chronic inflammation

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44
Q

The body’s response to injury:

A

Inflammation

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45
Q

Inflammation may be due to what type of injuries: (5)

A
  1. thermal
  2. physical
  3. chemical
  4. allergic
  5. immune-mediated disease
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46
Q

Comes into play when inflammation is caused by a living organism (infection)

A

Immunity

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47
Q

_____ may provoke inflammation AND immunity

A

Infection

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48
Q

_____ may exist without infection

A

Inflammatino

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49
Q

_____ DOES NOT imply infection

A

Inflammation

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50
Q

Hypersensitivity (allergic disease) may cause:

A

Inflammation

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51
Q

The following image shows inflammation that may be caused by:

A

Hypersensitivity reaction

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52
Q

Autoimmune disease may cause:

A

Inflammation

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53
Q

The body’s three lines of defense:

A
  1. Barriers
  2. Inflammatory response
  3. Immune response
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54
Q

The body’s barrier defense includes: (3)

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. secretions
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55
Q

The body’s inflammatory response includes: (2)

A
  1. cells (leukocytes)
  2. molecules (mediators)
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56
Q

The body’s immune response includes: (2)

A
  1. antibodies (humoral)
  2. cytotoxic T cell (cellular)
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57
Q

-skin
-mucous membranes
-secretions

These are all:

A

Barriers

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58
Q

-Cells (leukocytes)
-Molecules (mediators)

These are both:

A

inflammatory responses

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59
Q

-Antibodies (humoral)
-Cytotoxic T cells (cellular)

These are both:

A

Immune responses

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60
Q

The bodies first and second line of defense are considered:

A

Nonspecific defenses

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61
Q

The bodies first line of defense includes: (3)

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. chemicals
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62
Q

The bodies second line of defense includes: (5)

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. complement
  3. interferon
  4. inflammation
  5. fever
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63
Q

The bodies third line of defense is considered:

A

Specific defenses

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64
Q

The bodies third line of defense includes: (2)

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. antibodies
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65
Q

Components of inflammatory responses include: (3)

A
  1. circulating blood cells and plasma cells
  2. cells of the blood vessel walls
  3. cells and proteins of the extracellular matrix
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66
Q

Inflammation is the bodies response to:

A

Injury

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67
Q

Most defensive elements are located in the:

A

Blood

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68
Q

inflammation is the means by which ___ and ____ leave the ____ and enter the ____

A

Cells; chemicals; blood; tissue

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69
Q

Inflammation is a complex reaction to injury as it includes: (4)

A
  1. vascular responses
  2. cellular responses
  3. systemic reactions
  4. repair
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70
Q

Inflammation is ____ unless excessive or prolonged which may be ____

A

Beneficial; harmful

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71
Q

When might inflammation transition to harmful?

A

If excessive or prolonged

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72
Q

The inflammatory response delivers:

A

Defensive materials

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73
Q

Defensive cells:

A

leukocytes

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74
Q

Defensive proteins:

A

Plasma

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75
Q

The inflammatory response 5 Rs:

A
  1. Recognition of the injurious agent
  2. Recruitment of leukocytes
  3. Removal of the agent
  4. Regulation (control) of the response
  5. Resolution (repair)
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76
Q

-mechanical injury
-chemical injury
-radiation injury
-thermal injury
-infection
-compromise of blood supply
-immune injury

These are all causes of:

A

Acute inflammation

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77
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation include: (5)

A
  1. Calor
  2. Rubor
  3. Tumor
  4. Dolor
  5. Functio laesa
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78
Q
  1. calor:
  2. rubor:
  3. tumor:
  4. dolor:
  5. functio laesa
A
  1. heat
  2. red
  3. swelling
  4. pain
  5. loss of function
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79
Q

all that is ___ is not inflamed

A

red (rubar)

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80
Q

Cellular events in acute inflammation include: (7)

A
  1. margination
  2. rolling
  3. adhesion
  4. diapedesis
  5. chemotaxis
  6. phagocytosis
  7. killing
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81
Q

What type of cell is involved in the cellular events in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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82
Q

During margination, the neutrophil starts to line up along:

A

endothelial cells lining the blood vessel

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83
Q

This image is showing an events in:

A

vascular response of acute inflammation

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84
Q

Microbial killing by leukocytes inlvolves: (3)

A
  1. opsonization
  2. phagocytosis
  3. lysosomal enzymes
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85
Q

What cells are involved in microbial killing?

A

Leukocytes

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86
Q

Systemic manifestations of acute inflammation include: (3)

A
  1. fever
  2. leukocytosis
  3. acute phase response
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87
Q

The systemic manifestations of acute inflammation includes fever which is due to:

A

Pyrogens

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88
Q

The systemic manifestations of acute inflammation includes fever which is due to pyrogens which are: (2)

A

Cytokines and prostaglandins

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89
Q

TNF, IL-1 released by leukocytes are examples of:

A

Cytokines

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90
Q

Prostaglandins that cause fever in acute inflammation come from:

A

Membrane phosholipids

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91
Q

Elevated WBC count:

A

Leukocystosis

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92
Q

an increase in WBC count which can mimic leukemia:

A

leukemia reaction

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93
Q

A higher neutrophil account in the blood than normal:

A

Neutrophilia (left shift)

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94
Q

an increase in white blood cells (specifically lymphocytes):

A

lymphocytosis

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95
Q

Leukemia reactions, neutrophilia and lymphocytosis are all characteristic of:

A

leukocytosis (systemic manifestation of acute inflammation)

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96
Q

When cytokines stimulate hepatocytes to synthesize and secrete acute phase proteins this is considered:

A

acute phase response (of systemic manifestations of acute inflammation)

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97
Q

In the acute phase response of systemic manifestations of acute inflammation, _____ and _____ act as an opsonins

A

C-reactive protein (CRP); mannose-biding lectin

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98
Q

Lymphatic spread of bacterial infectionL

A

Lymphangitis

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99
Q

Lymphangitis may present as:

A

Painful red streaks and regional lymphadenopathy

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100
Q

Diagnose this image:

A

Lymphangitis

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101
Q

Chemical mediator of inflammation stored primarily in mast cells:

A

Histamines

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102
Q

Chemical mediators inflammation stored primarily in platelets:

A

Serotonin

103
Q

Histamine and Serotonin are both:

A

Vasoactive amines

104
Q

Unlike most other mediators, histamine and serotonin are:

A

Available in preformed supplies

105
Q

Histamine is stored in:

A

Granules of mast cells

106
Q

Serotonin is stored in:

A

Granules of platelets

107
Q

The first mediators to be released after injury are:

A

Histamine and serotonin

108
Q

What is the result of histamine and serotonin release?

A

Vascular dilation and leakage (helps neutrophils to squeeze out of blood vessels)

109
Q

All acute inflammatory reactions may have one of three outcomes, these include:

A
  1. completed resolution
  2. healing by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis)
  3. progression of the response to chronic inflammation
110
Q

-infarction
-bacterial infections
-toxins
-trauma

These are all involved in:

A

injury that leads to ACUTE inflammation

111
Q

Injury leads to ____ or ____

A

acute inflammation or chronic inflammation

112
Q

-vascular changes
-neutrophil recruitment
-mediators

These are all components of:

A

acute inflammation

113
Q

If acute inflammation progresses, it can lead to:

A

chronic inflammation

114
Q

If acute inflammation follows the healing pathway, it may lead to ____ or ____

A

Resolution or fibrosis

115
Q

Following acute inflammation,

-clearance of injurious stimuli
-clearance of mediators and acute inflammatory cells
-replacement of injured cells
-normal function

These are all components of:

A

resolution

116
Q

If acute inflammation is followed by pus formation this is considered an:

A

abscess

117
Q

If an abscess following acute inflammation heals, this healing occurs via:

A

fibrosis

118
Q

What is the issue, regarding acute or chronic inflammation healing leading to fibrosis?

A

Loss of function

119
Q

-viral infections
-chronic infections
-persistent injury
-autoimmune diseases

These are all injuries that can result in:

A

chronic inflammation

120
Q

-angiogenesis
-mononuclear cell infiltration
-fibrosis (scar)

These are all characteristic of:

A

chronic inflammation

121
Q

Inflammation characterized by a watery exudate (most often seen in little blisters):

A

serous inflammation

122
Q

What type of inflammation is represented in these images?

A

Serous inflammation

123
Q

What type of inflammation is represented in these images?

A

Serous inflammation

124
Q

Fibrinous pericarditis in rheumatic fever is an example of:

A

Fibrinous inflammation

125
Q

Inflammation characterized by the formation of pus:

A

Suppurative (purulent) inflammation

126
Q

What type of inflammation is represented in this image?

A

Suppurative (purulent) inflammation

127
Q

What type of inflammation is represented in these images?

A

Fibrinous inflammation

128
Q

What type of inflammation is represented in this image?

A

Suppurative (purulent) inflammation

129
Q

What type of inflammation is represented in these images?

A

Suppurative (purulent) inflammation

130
Q

a localized collection of pus that has accumulated in a tissue cavity, producing fluctuance:

A

abscess

131
Q

Diffuse spread of an acute inflammatory process through the fascial planes of soft tissue, producing erythema, edema warmth, and pain without consolidation:

A

Cellulitis

132
Q

a clinical type of exudative inflammation, occurs only on mucosal surfaces containing mucous-secreting cells, such as nasal or bronchial mucosa:

A

Catarrhal (seromucous) inflammation

133
Q

Catarrhal inflammation, a clinical type of ____ inflammation occurs only on ____ surfaces containing _____ cells

A

exudative; mucosal surfaces; mucous-secreting cells

134
Q

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an example of:

A

ulcerative inflammation

135
Q

A defect in epithelial continuity:

A

ulcer

136
Q

What can be seen in the following microscope image?

A

A defect in the continuity of the epithelium (ulcer)

137
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is an example of:

A

Defects in neutrophil function

138
Q

Lazy leukocyte syndrome is an example of:

A

Defects in neutrophil function

139
Q

Lazy leukocyte syndrome results in impaired _____ due to mutations of ____

A

chemotaxis; contractile proteins

140
Q

A rare autosomal recessive condition association with albinism:

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

141
Q

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is characterized by:

  1. giant _____ from fused ____
  2. both ____ and ____ formation are defective
  3. recurrent ____
  4. _____ is abnormal
A
  1. lysosomal inclusions; primary granules
  2. chemotaxis and phagolysosome formation
  3. infections
  4. platelet function
142
Q

-a rare autosomal recessive condition associated with albinism
-giant lysosomal inclusions from fused primary granules
-both chemotaxis and phagolysosome formation are defective
-recurrent infections
-platelet function is abnormal

A

Chediak-higashi syndrome

143
Q
  • X-linked (2/3) or autosomal (1/3) recessive
  • Deficient NADPH oxidase in the cell membranes of neutrophils and monocytes, resulting in an absent respiratory burst
  • no H2O2 produced- HOCl- is not synthesizes because of the absence of H2O2
  • catalase-negative organisms (strep species) are killed
  • catalase-positive organisms (staph aureus) are NOT killed
A

Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood

144
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood:

Describe the inheritance of this disease:

A

2/3 x-linked recessive and 1/3 autosomal recessive

145
Q

What is deficient in the cell membranes of neutrophils and monocytes and what does this result in, in Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood?

A

Deficient: NADPH oxidase
Results in: absent respiratory burst

146
Q

What is not produced in Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood?

Because this is not produced, what else is not synthesized?

A

H2O2; HOCl-

147
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood:

What are organisms are killed?
What organisms are NOT killed?

A

Killed: catalase-negative organisms (strep species)

NOT killed: catalase-positive organisms (staph aureus)

148
Q
  • a common (1 in 2000 individuals) autosomal recessive absence of myeloperoxidase enzyme in neutrophil and monocyte granules
  • respiratory burst IS normal and H2O2 IS produced
  • absence of MPO prevents synthesis of HOCl-
  • no great clinical consequences in most people
  • diabetics may develop candidiasis
A

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Deficiency

149
Q

How does this disease affect neutrophils?

-Agranulocytosis

A

Too few neutrophils

150
Q

How does this disease affect neutrophils?

-Cyclic neutropenia

A

Too few neutrophils

151
Q

How does this disease affect neutrophils?

-Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)

A

Failure in adhesion

152
Q

How does this disease affect neutrophils?

-“Lazy” leukocyte syndrome

A

Slow chemotaxis

153
Q

How does this disease affect neutrophils?

-Bruton Agammaglobulinemia

A

Failure to phagocytose

154
Q

How does this disease affect neutrophils?

-Complement deficiency

A

Failure to phagocytose

155
Q

How does this disease affect neutrophils?

-Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood

A

Failure to kill

156
Q

How does this disease affect neutrophils?

-Chediak-higashi syndrome

A

Failure to kill

157
Q

How does this disease affect neutrophils?

-Myeloperoxidase deficiency

A

Failure to kill

158
Q

Label the following image:

A

1.
a) agranulocytosis
b) cyclic neutropenia

2.
a) leukocyte adhesion deficiency

  1. a) “lazy” leukocyte syndrome
  2. a) Bruton’s Agammaglobulinemia
    b) complement deficiency
    c) Hyper IgM syndrome
  3. a) chronic granulomatous disease of childhood
    b) Chediak-higashi syndrome
    c) myeloperoxidase deficiency
159
Q

List the causes of chronic inflammation: (8)

A
  1. persistent infection
  2. prolonged exposure to toxic agents
  3. exogenous
  4. endogenous
  5. immune-mediated inflammatory disease
  6. autoimmune diseases
  7. unregulated immune responses against microbes
  8. immune responses against environmental substances
160
Q

Give an example of a persistent infection that may cause chronic inflammation:

A

Mycobacteria

161
Q

Prolonged exposure to ____ and _____ toxic agents may lead to chronic inflammation

A

exogenous & endogenous

162
Q

Give an example of an endogenous agent in which prolonged exposure may lead to chronic inflammation:

A

atherosclerosis

163
Q

Give an example of an exogenous agent in which prolonged exposure may lead to chronic inflammation:

A

silicosis

164
Q

Give an example of an autoimmune disease that may cause chronic inflammation:

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

165
Q

Unregulated immune responses against microbes, such as _____ may lead to chronic inflammation

A

Inflammatory bowel disease

166
Q

Immune responses against environmental substances such as ______ may lead to chronic inflammation

A

bronchial asthma

167
Q

What are the morphological features of chronic inflammation? (3)

A
  1. mononuclear cell infiltration
  2. tissue destruction
  3. connective tissue replacement
168
Q

mononuclear cell infiltration is a morphologic feature of chronic inflammation, what cells are associated with this?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. plasma cells
  3. macrophages
169
Q

Why is tissue destruction a morphologic feature of chronic inflammation?

A

Due to a persistent offending agent, or by the inflammatory cells

170
Q

Healing via connective tissue replacement is a morphologic feature of chronic inflammation, what processes does this include?

A
  1. angiogenesis
  2. fibrosis
171
Q

Why is this image indicative of chronic inflammation?

Label key cells

A

Contains plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages

172
Q

Label the following cells:

A

A) lymphocyte
B) macrophage
C) plasma cell
D) neutrophil
E) macrophage

173
Q

Granulomatous inflammation is a specific pattern of:

A

Chronic inflammation

174
Q

What are two examples of granulomatous inflammation?

A
  1. immune granulomas
  2. foreign body granulomas
175
Q

-aggregates of epithelia macrophages (activated)
-multinucleated giant cells
-mononuclear leukocytes, principally lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells peripherally

these are all characteristic of:

A

Granulomatous inflammation

176
Q

There is a ____ variable in granulomatous inflammation

A

fibrosis

177
Q

Label the cells in the following image:

What condition do theses cells indicate?

A

A) Langhans giant cell
B) Foreign body giant cells

Granulomatous inflammation

178
Q

The two classifications of granulomas include:

A
  1. immune granulomas
  2. foreign body granulomas
179
Q

Coccidioides immitis is an example of:

A

Immune granuloma

180
Q

Caseation necrosis in tuberculosis is an example of:

A

Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation

181
Q

This image shows:

A

Caseation necrosis in tuberculosis

182
Q

An intracellular pathogen that blocks fusion of phagosome with lysosome:

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

183
Q

These images show:

A

Mycobacterium tubercilosis

184
Q

This image shows:

A

Acid fast bacilli

185
Q

Granulation tissue vs. Granulomatous tissue

Reparative tissue:

A

Granulation tissue

186
Q

A pyogenic granuloma is an example of _____ NOT ____

A

granulation tissue; granulomatous tissue

187
Q

Restoration of tissue architecture and function after healing:

A

Repair

188
Q

Repair may occur by:

A

Regeneration or by healing (scar formation)

189
Q

Growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures:

A

Regeneration

190
Q

Healing consists of variable portions of two distinct processes:

A
  1. regeneration
  2. scarring
191
Q

The tissues involved in regeneration include:

A
  1. continuously dividing
  2. stable tissues
  3. permanent tissues
192
Q

The “continuously dividing tissues” involved in regeneration are classified as:

A

Labile

193
Q

The “stable tissues” involved in regeneration are classified as:

A

Quiescent

194
Q

The “permanent tissue” involved in regeneration are classified as:

A

Non-dividing

195
Q

The labile cells of regeneration are derived from the division of:

A

stem cells

196
Q

The labile cells of regeneration are derived from the division of stem cells also known as:

A

hematopoietic cells

197
Q

The labile cells of regeneration include what types of epithelium?

A
  1. surface epithelium
  2. stratified squamous epithelium (of the skin, mouth, pharynx, vagina and cervix)
  3. gastrointestinal tract epithelium
198
Q

_____ tissues can readily regenerate after injury as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved

A

Labile tissues

199
Q

Labile tissues can readily regenerate after injury as long as:

A

the pool of stem cells is preserved

200
Q

The most common forms of cancer arise from:

A

labile tissues

201
Q

The most common forms of cancer arise form labile tissues, these include: (5)

(name labile tissue + type of cancer)

A
  1. epidermis- skin cancer
  2. bronchial mucosa- lung cancer
  3. oral mucosa- oral cancer
  4. cervical mucosa- cervical cancer
  5. hematopoietic tissues- leukemia
202
Q
  1. epidermis- skin cancer
  2. bronchial mucosa- lung cancer
  3. oral mucosa- oral cancer
  4. cervical mucosa- cervical cancer
  5. hematopoietic tissues- leukemia

What do all of these cancers have in common?

A

Arise from labile tissues

203
Q

Stable tissues of regeneration may also be called:

A

quiescent tissues

204
Q

Stable cells of regeneration are quiescent meaning they have:

A

a very low rate of turnover

205
Q

Stable tissues (quiescent) of regeneration include: (4)

A
  1. viscera (liver, kidney, pancreas)
  2. endothelial cells
  3. fibroblasts
  4. smooth muscle cells
206
Q

Replacement of the stable cells of stable (quiescent) tissues is carried out by:

A

mitotic division of mature cells

207
Q

With the exception of liver, stable tissues have:

A

limited capacity to regenerate

208
Q

Malignant tumors of ____ tissues are among the rarer forms of malignancies

A

stable tissues

209
Q

Cancers are different from malignancies in that they are specifically derived from:

A

epithelial cells

210
Q

Permanent tissues of regeneration are considered:

A

Non-dividing

211
Q

______ cells were generated during fetal life and never divide in postnatal life

A

permanent cells of regeneration

212
Q

Discuss the generation of permanent cells:

A

Generated during fetal life and NEVER divide in postnatal life

213
Q

What type of cells of regeneration cannot be replaced if lost?

A

Permanent cells

214
Q

Permanent cells of regeneration include: (2)

A

Neurons & cardiac myocytes

215
Q

In permanent tissues, repair is dominated by:

A

Scar formation

216
Q

Fibrosis in simple terms is:

A

Scarring

217
Q

In fibrosis (scarring) the tissue is intrinsically:

A

Unable to regenerate

218
Q

The tissues of _____ & ____ must undergo fibrosis in order to heal because they are intrinsically unable to regenerate

A

heart & brain

219
Q

Fibrosis will occur if the underlying tissue scaffolding is:

A

Disrupted

220
Q

When the underlying tissue scaffolding is disrupted _____ occurs

A

Fibrosis (scarring)

221
Q

_____ occurs following extensive exudates (organization)

A

Fibrosis (scarring)

222
Q

This image shows a healed cerebral infarct, how does this healing occur and why?

A

Via fibrosis because brain tissue is intrinsically unable to regenerate (neurons)

223
Q

How would this area of damage repair itself?

A

via fibrosis (due to inability to regenerate)

224
Q

What are the two objectives of wound healing?

A
  1. epithelial regeneration
  2. connective tissue repair
225
Q

Wound healing involves _____ regeneration and _____ repair

A

Epithelial regeneration; connective tissue repair

226
Q

In wound healing, restoring the integrity of the epithelial surface is known as:

A

Epithelial regeneration

227
Q

In wound healing, epithelial regeneration involves:

A

Restoring the integrity of the epithelial surface

228
Q

In wound healing, restoring the tensile strength of sub-epithelial tissue is known as:

A

Connective tissue repair

229
Q

In wound healing, connective tissue repair involves:

A

Restoring the tensile strength of the sub-epithelial tissue

230
Q

Type of healing in which the goal is to approximate the margins:

A

Healing by primary intention/union

231
Q

The goal of healing by primary intention/union is to:

A

approximate the margins

232
Q

What do we mean by “approximate the margins” in healing by primary intention/union?

A

Wound margins are pulled neatly together (think stitches)

233
Q

This image shows what type of healing?

A

Healing by primary intention/union (margin approximation)

234
Q

This image shows what type of healing?

A

Healing by primary intention/union (margin approximation)

235
Q

All wound healing involves an _____ even in the absence of infection

A

inflammatory reaction

236
Q

Healing by secondary intention involves the:

A

inability to approximate the margin

237
Q

Healing that occurs when wound margins are NOT pulled together:

A

Healing by secondary intention/union

238
Q

What is one reason that healing by secondary intention/union may occur?

A

anatomical location

239
Q

The following images would require what type of healing?

A

Healing by secondary intention/union

240
Q

In healing by secondary intention/union the wound is left open and:

A

will heal by granulating in

241
Q

What type of cells are seen in granulation tissue?

A
  1. endothelial cells
  2. fibroblasts
  3. myofibroblasts (contractile)
242
Q

What stain can be used to visualize granulation tissue?

A

Trichrome stain

243
Q

The following images show a _____ stain used to view ____ tissue

A

Trichrome stain; granulation tissue

244
Q

The following images show wound healing by:

A

secondary intention/union

245
Q

Excessive scar formation within the boundaries of the original wound producing a raised scar:

A

Hypertrophic scar

246
Q

These images show what type of scar?

A

Hypertrophic scar

247
Q

Excessive scar formation that grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound:

A

Keloid

248
Q

Keloids are often seen in what population?

A

African-american

249
Q

The following image shows:

A

keloid

250
Q

______ is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine

A

Vitamin C

251
Q

Vitamin C is required for the hydroxylation of:

A

Proline and lysine

252
Q

Vitamin C is important in wound healing but too much=

A

Scruvy

253
Q
A

Pathology (28 decks)

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