Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the largest amount of reabsorption occur?

A

PCT (70%) then TAL (20-25%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do meat eaters secrete?

A

H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do vegetarians secrete?

A

bicarb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the equation for excretion?

A

Excreted = Filtered - Reabsorbed + Secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The beating of the heart creates a hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries

A

GBHP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the value of GBHP?

A

45mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Does GBHP promote filtration or reabsorption?

A

Filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is GBHP higher or lower than in the systemic circulation and why?

A

higher (~30) because it gets more BF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Due to the volume constrictions of Bowman’s space, a small “back” pressure can be generated

A

CHP=capsular hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the value of CHP?

A

10mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is CHP higher or lower than in the systemic circulation and why?

A

Higher (0-1) we are in a much smaller space with only 1 exit point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Does CHP promote filtration or reabsorption?

A

reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The proteins that are retained within the glomerular capillaries create an osmotic pressure.

A

BCOP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the value of BCOP?

A

27mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does BCOP promote filtration or reabsorption?

A

reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is BCOP higher or lower than in the systemic circulation and why?

A

Higher (18) proteins are more concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

This pressure is 0 mmHg because very few proteins should escape into Bowman’s space (proteins in the urine is a bad thing)

A

COP = Capsular osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Net Filtration Pressure at the Glomerulus?

A

8mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Amount of filtrate formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute

A

GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Occurs when stretching triggers contraction of SM cells in afferent arterioles

A

Myogenic mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Does the Myogenic mechanism increase or decrease GFR?

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

An analysis of the amount of solute being presented to the tubule for reabsorption or excretion

A

Filtered Load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Filtered load =

A

GFR x Psolute (1/5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A process in which the nephron monitors the concentrations of Na and Cl ions arriving at the junction of the TAL and the DCT

A

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In Tubuloglomerular Feedback an increase in GFR is sensed by the macula dense cells of JGA detecting an increase in delivery of Na and/or Cl, Macula dense cells send a signal to the JG cells that causes them to ….

A

release less NO –> afferent arteriole constricts –> decrease in GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the outcome of SNS-NE constricting mainly the afferent arteriole?

A

Decreases RPF and GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the outcome of Angiotensin II constricting both afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

Decreases RPF and GFR but less than RPF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the outcome of Prostaglandins dilating afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

increases RPF, GFR may not change, may go up through dose-dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the outcome of ANP dilating afferent arterioles and constricts efferent arterioles?

A

Slightly increases RPF, increases GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where are the macula dense cells located?

A

junction of TAL and DCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What cells detect the arriving levels of sodium and chloride?

A

macula densa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

contractile cells located in the afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the clearance equation?

A

C(inulin) = [U(inulin) x v] / P(inulin)

units = mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the clearance of PAH used to measure?

A

RPF - the amount of fluid arriving at the kidneys in a period of time.

35
Q

What is equation to determine RBF?

A

C(pah) / (1-hematocrit)

36
Q

What is the equation to determine Filtration Fraction?

A

FF=GFR/RPF

FF = Cinulin (or creatinine)/Cpah

37
Q

What fraction of RPF normally filters into Bowman’s space?

A

1/5 = 20%

38
Q

Where are the primary spots in the nephron for secretion to occur?

A
  1. DCT 2. CD
39
Q

Where in the PCT is there an abundant reabsorption of the anion bicarbonate?

A

Early PCT

40
Q

Where in the PCT is there an abundant reabsorption of the anion Chloride?

A

Late PCT

41
Q

What is the symport transporter on the apical side in the early PCT?

A

SGLT - moving glucose and Na+ into the cell

42
Q

How is glucose in the Early PCT transported into the blood across the basolateral membrane?

A

facilitated diffusion using GLUT

43
Q

What is the antiport transporter on the apical side in the early PCT?

A

Na-H exchanger via SAT, H+ is secreted and bicarb is reabsorbed

44
Q

How does the reabsorption of Cl- in the Late PCT occur?

A

anion shuttle in the apical membrane (anions = glutamate, phosphate, formate)

45
Q

A process by which an increase in filtration leads to an increase in the reabsorption, and water and solute balance is maintained?

A

Glomerulotubular Balance

46
Q

What type of transport is located on the apical membrane in the TAL?

A

Na+/K+/2 Cl- symporter (NKCC)

47
Q

How are K+ and Cl- reabsorbed in the basolateral membrane of the TAL?

A

through leak channels

48
Q

A drug called Furosemide inhibits what?

A

NKCC in the TAL

49
Q

What type of substances are secreted in the nephron?

A

organic acids (uric acid), H+, any ions in excess, K+, creatinine

50
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

posterior pituitary gland

51
Q

What is the water permeability of the glomerulus through the descending loop of Henle?

A

permeable

52
Q

What is the water permeability of the TAL through Early DCT?

A

always impermeable

53
Q

What is the water permeability of the Late DCT and CD?

A

impermeable to water unless ADH is present

54
Q

The release of ADH is controlled by cells in the hypothalamus called?

A

osmoreceptors

55
Q

Baroreceptors in the …. can also influence the release of ADH from the pituitary.

A

carotid sinus and aortic arch

56
Q

What stimuli cause osmoreceptors to increase their generation of APs?

A

[ECF] becomes high = dehydration –> cell shrinks

57
Q

What is the effect on ADH of the osmoreceptors increasing their firing rate of APs?

A

increases the release of ADH

58
Q

What stimuli cause baroreceptors to increase their generation of APs?

A

increase in BP –> baroreceptors stretch

59
Q

What is the effect on ADH of the baroreceptors increasing their firing rate of APs?

A

inhibits the release of ADH

60
Q

Which has a larger effect on ADH, osmoreceptors or baroreceptors?

A

osmoreceptors

61
Q

What type of receptors does ADH bind to in the Late DCT and CD?

A

V2 receptors

62
Q

Binding of ADH to V2 receptors results in what?

A

insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane

63
Q

What is ADH’s effect on NKCC transporters?

A

increases their activity in the TAL

64
Q

When ADH is high how does it affect urine osomolatlity in the Late PCT?

A

it has no effect still 300mOsm/L

65
Q

When ADH is high how does it affect urine osomolatlity in the End of the TAL?

A

increases the NKCC transporters creating a more hypotonic urine (120 –> 100mOsm/L)

66
Q

When ADH is high how does it affect urine osomolatlity in the Early (cortical) CD?

A

water is reabsorbed and urine osmolality increases to equilibrate with the interstitial fluid

67
Q

When ADH is high how does it affect urine osomolatlity in the Later (medullary) CD?

A

Insertion of ureaporins causes urea to diffuse into the interstitial fluid (1200mOsm/L)

68
Q

Where is the hormone Aldosterone produced?

A

Adrenal gland

69
Q

The liver continuously produces … which travels through the circulation.

A

inactive angiotensinogen

70
Q

If the kidney detects low Na+ levels the JG cells produce what enzyme?

A

renin

71
Q

What is the action of Renin?

A

angiotensinogen –> angiotensin I

72
Q

What converts Angiotensin I –> Angiotensin II in the blood.

A

ACE

73
Q

What nephron segment(s) are in the renal cortex?

A

PCT and Late DCT

74
Q

What nephron segment is the main site of glomerulotubular balance?

A

PCT

75
Q

What nephron segment is the main site of tubulogolmerular feedback?

A

TAL

76
Q

What are the 3 actions of ANP in the nephron?

A
  1. relaxes afferent arteriole
  2. constricts efferent arteriole
  3. inhibits Na/K pump in late DCT and CD

increases GFR and decreases Na reabsorption

77
Q

How does the class of diuretic that increases GFR influence urine output?

A

mild increase

78
Q

How does the class of diuretic that inhibit ADH release influence urine output?

A

potent increase

79
Q

How does the class of diuretic that are osmotic or renal-transport inhibiting substances influence urine output?

A

potent increase

80
Q

What is a disease state in which an osmotic diuresis occurs?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

81
Q

Where would Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors be most effective in the nephron?

A

PCT - inhibit reabsorption of bicarb

82
Q

Where would Loop Diuretics be most effective in the nephron?

A

TAL - interrupts counter-current multiplier system

83
Q

Where would Thiazide-type Diuretics be most effective in the nephron?

A

DCT - inhibit Na-Cl transporter

84
Q

Where would Aldosterone Antagonists be most effective in the nephron?

A

CD - K+ saving

Physiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions