Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Acid-Base > Flashcards

Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

Because of its small radius, … is more reactive than other cations in body fluids.

A

H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

[H+] in plasma is maintained between …

A

38-42 nEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 sources of H+ input into the biological system?

A

metabolic products (including CO2), dietary intake of acids, and loss of alkali in the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metabolism produces a large amount of …, which must be excreted in the expired air.

A

volatile acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What two characteristics of CO2 make it a volatile acid?

A

because it can be removed by ventilation, but has the potential to produce H+ when hydrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many moles of volatile acid per day is produced by metabolic activity and removed by ventilation?

A

15-20 moles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are volatile acids normally a source of H+?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 2 sources of a fixed or nonvolatile source of acid?

A

H+ ingested with foods or in the form of medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the concentration of nonvolatile acid per day?

A

20 mEq/per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

These ingested H+ cannot be removed from the system by ventilation, thus are …

A

nonvolatile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Incomplete … during excessive metabolic activity, in the absence of insulin, or during inadequate oxygenation can lead to production of nonvolatile acids like lactic, pyretic, and B-hydroxybutyric acids

A

glucose and fat metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The net acid/base input for a typical American (Western) diet is usually …

A

acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The loss of base in the form of …., in the stool leaves a net H+ excess in the body

A

HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

H+ is excreted into the urine as titratable (nonvolatile) acids such as … and as …, part of a buffer system which is unique to the kidneys.

A

phosphates (HPO4-2/H2PO4-) and as ammonium ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It is not possible to eliminate the entire daily H+ load in the form of free H+ because urine can only reach pH of 4.5. Therefore, we must employ … in order to remove the normal acid load from the body.

A

chemical buffers of H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What diet results in acid production > HCO3- production?

A

meat-containing diets

17
Q

What diet results in a net production of alkali in the form of HCO3-, and therefore a net alkaline load and renal excretion of HCO3-?

A

vegetarian

18
Q

Hb is an important … buffer.

A

intracellular

19
Q

The respiratory system will respond to an acid load. H+ will stimulate … to increase ventilation

A

peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid bodies)

20
Q

Is the respiratory control response slow or fast?

A

fast, occurs within less than a minute, but can be sustained for long periods

21
Q

The kidneys must excrete an amount of acid equal to the total ….

A

nonvolatile acid production (which includes normal loss of HCO3- in stool)

22
Q

The kidneys must replace the…, and prevent the loss of …

A

HCO3- lost in buffering reactions; filtered HCO3- in the urine

23
Q

Is the renal response fast or slow?

A

slow and may take several days for the full response to an acid-base disturbance to be evident

24
Q

What does the renal system excrete acids as?

A

H2PO4- and NH4+

25
Q

What does the Isohydric Principle state?

A

A change in one buffer pair causes parallel changes in other buffer systems; therefore we can base our analysis on the bicarb system alone.

26
Q

Since H2CO3 represents the pivot point in the bicarb buffering system adding acid forces the reaction to …

A

CO2 elimination

27
Q

Since H2CO3 represents the pivot point in the bicarb buffering system adding alkali (-OH) increases …, which can be eliminated by…

A

HCO3- (-OH combines with CO2), which can be eliminated by the kidneys or by buffering reactions

28
Q

In the bicarb buffering system the supply of what is virtually inexhaustible due to metabolic production of CO2?

A

H2CO3

29
Q

The Henderson-Hasselbach equation is used to calculate …

A

how changes in CO2 and HCO3- affect pH

30
Q

The cellular hydration mechanism produces a … that moves across the apical membrane and a … that moves across the basolateral membrane.

A

H+; HCO3-

31
Q

What is the predominant pathway within the proximal RTC for H+ secretion into tubular fluid?

A

Na+-H+ antiport = NHE3

32
Q

Where does the energy used to drive NHE3 come from?

A

Na+-K+ active exchange pump on the basolateral membrane

33
Q

What is present in the apical membrane of both distal and proximal RTCs that make H+ secretion primary active transport?

A

H+-ATPase

34
Q

in the distal RTCs what is the other primary active transport mechanism of H+ secretion?

A

apical membrane H+-K+ ATPase

35
Q

The preservation of filtered bicarb is achieved by proximal and distal RTC …

A

H+ secretion

Physiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions