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Physiology > GI-Part 1 > Flashcards

GI-Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which layer milks and shortens the vili, making it move and interact with food?

A

Muscularis Mucosae

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2
Q

Collections of neuron cell bodies. Each of these acts like a mini brain, integrating signals coming in (afferent) and generating an efferent response. Primarily sensory.

A

Submucosal Plexus (Meissner’s)

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3
Q

Grouping of neuron cell bodies. Primary purpose is motor, stimulates the Muscularis Externa.

A

Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach’s)

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4
Q

gap junctions are also called

A

nexi (nexus)

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5
Q

Hold NTs both stimulatory and inhibitory, in visceral smooth muscle. Site of NT release

A

Varicosities

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6
Q

Visceral Smooth Muscle doesn’t have troponin it has …

A

Calmodulin

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7
Q

Assuming you do not have to defecate your external anal sphincter is …

A

relaxed (striated skeletal muscle)

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8
Q

Assuming you do not have to defecate your internal anal sphincter is …

A

contracted, close (visceral smooth muscle - doesn’t fatigue)

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9
Q

What do you need to activate MLCK?

A

Calmodulin and Ca Complex (Ca binds to Calmodulin)

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10
Q

What enzyme is always running in visceral smooth muscle?

A

Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase

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11
Q

What occurs when MLCP activity exceeds MLCK activity?

A

Relaxation

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12
Q

Where does the Vagus Nerve of the PSNS arise from and innervate?

A

Arises from Medulla Oblongata and innervates from the Esophagus down to the Transverse Colon

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13
Q

What muscle is in the upper 1/2 of the Esophagus?

A

Striated

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14
Q

Where does the Pelvic Nerves arise from and innervate in the PSNS?

A

Sacral Spinal Cord and from the Transverse Colon to the Anus

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15
Q

What kind of Reflex is the Vagus Nerve of the PSNS?

A

Vagovagal

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16
Q

In the PSNS vasovagal reflex of the Vagus Nerve is there more afferent or efferent signals?

A

75% of the afferents are involved in a feedback loop

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17
Q

The … is the post-ganglionic leg of Parasympathetic Innervation in the gut.

A

Enteric Nervous System

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18
Q

The preganglionic efferent Vagus Nerve of the PSNS innervates the …

A

Myenteric Plexus

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19
Q

Pre-Ganglionic fibers of the SNS differ from that of the PSNS, in that they are …

A

short

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20
Q

Where do the short pre-ganglionic fibers of the SNS synapse in the gut?

A

outside the GI tract in Prevertebral Ganglia

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21
Q

Post-Ganglionic fibers of SNS synapse within in the GI wall primarily on the …

A

Myenteric Plexi (ENS)

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22
Q

What is the principle NT released from the post-ganglionic fibers of the SNS in the gut?

A

Norepinephrine (Adrenergic)

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23
Q

Pre-Ganglionic Fibers of the SNS arise from the … region of the Spinal Cord.

A

Thoracic and Lumbar

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24
Q

SNS is primarily … to motility and secretions of the gut.

A

inhibitory

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25
Q

The … is the effector organ for the post-ganglionic SNS

A

ENS

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26
Q

A spontaneous wave of depolarization initiated from pacemaker cells of the smooth muscle at different points in the GI system,

A

Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER; slow waves)

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27
Q

BER may be increased by an increase in …

A

temperature (fever) and/or metabolic activity

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28
Q

The … of membrane potential of the BER is affected by Neural and Hormonal Activity (aka PSNS)

A

Amplitude

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29
Q

The BER is a spontaneous wave of depolarization initiated from pacemaker cells in what muscle?

A

Longitudinal Muscle of the Muscularis Externa

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30
Q

What is the BER of the Esophagus?

A

No real BER

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31
Q

What is the BER of the Stomach?

A

3/min

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32
Q

What is the BER of the Duodenum?

A

10-12/min

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33
Q

What is the BER of the Jejunum?

A

9-10/min

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34
Q

What is the BER of the Ileum?

A

8-9/min

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35
Q

What is the BER of the Large Intestine?

A

Irregular (2-13/min)

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36
Q

Frequency of duodenal contractions following parasympathetic activation?

A

Increased

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37
Q

Frequency of duodenal slow waves (BER) following parasympathetic activation?

A

No Change

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38
Q

Frequency of duodenal contractions following sympathetic activation?

A

Decreased or No Effect

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39
Q

Frequency of duodenal slow waves (BER) following sympathetic activation?

A

No effect

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40
Q

Frequency of duodenal contractions during fever?

41
Q

Frequency of duodenal slow waves (BER) during fever?

42
Q

Big Gastrin is released …

A

between meals

43
Q

Big Gastrin has a … half-life

44
Q

Little Gastrin is produced …

A

during a meal

45
Q

Little Gastrin has a … half life

46
Q

Big Gastrin is cleaved into Little Gastrin, where?

A

in the cell, not in the lumen of the GI tract

47
Q

Both forms of Gastrin are released from what cells?

A

G-Cells of the gastric antrum

48
Q

Gastrin is released in response to luminal contact of: (5 things)

A

Products of protein digestion, Phenylalanine and Tryptophan, physical distention, amino acids, various secretagogues (calcium, coffee, and red wine)

49
Q

Gastrin is released also by what reflexes?

A

Vagal and Local Cholinergic chemoreceptor-initiated Reflexes

50
Q

What mediates the release of Gastrin by the the vagal and local cholinergic reflexes?

A

Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP)

51
Q

Where are Gastrin receptors found in highest concentration?

A

Parietal Cells of the Gastric Pits of the stomach

52
Q

If you have increased Gastrin in your blood what are you making?

A

HCl (in Parietal Cells)

53
Q

Where are Parietal Cells, that produce acid, located in the stomach?

A

Oxyntic Gland

54
Q

Gastrin stimulates the growth of …

A

Oxyntic Glands of the Stomach, Duodenum and Colonic Mucosa

55
Q

Gastrin release is inhibited by the …

A

acidification of the luminal contents (pH

56
Q

Where is Somatostatin released from?

A

Somatostatin Cell (D-Cells)

57
Q

Somatostatin secreted by D-Cells, then diffuses to nearby …

58
Q

Somatostatin blocks all stimulants of …. release

59
Q

Somatostatin directly inhibits … secretion

A

Parietal Cells H+

60
Q

Raising the pH of the stomach lumen doesn’t directly dis-inhibit the actions of Somatostatin and initiate Gastrin release. So what must happen to restart the secretions of Gastrin from G-Cells?

A

Acetylcholine released as a NT inhibits the Somatostatin D-Cell production of Somatostatin which restarts the secretions of G-Cell derived Gastrin

61
Q

Pathology involving Gastrin that is mediated by a Non-Beta Cell Tumor usually found in the Pancreas or Duodenum (not stomach)

A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

62
Q

Non-Beta Cell Tumor’s produce and continually release what into the blood?

63
Q

The continual release of Gastrin due to the Non-Beta Cell Tumor causes what to produce acid in an unregulated manner?

A

Parietal Cells

64
Q

CCK is released from what cells of the Duodenal and Jejunal Mucosae?

65
Q

CCK produces the contraction of the …

A

Gall Bladder (squeeze bile out)

66
Q

CCK produces the relaxation of …

A

Sphincter of Oddi (bile can enter the intestine)

67
Q

CCK’s main role is as a pancreatic …

A

enzyme secretor

68
Q

CCK is a weak stimulator of pancreatic … secretion

A

Water and Bicarbonate

69
Q

Secretin is chemically homologous to …

70
Q

Secretin is released from …

A

S-Cells of the Duoenum

71
Q

What is the most important stimulus of Secretin secretion?

72
Q

Secretin is the major … stimulator

A

Water and Bicarbonate

73
Q

Secretin will act on Chief Cells of the Gastric Pit and stimulate their secretion of the inactive enzyme

A

Pepsinogen

74
Q

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) primary function is the prime the blood with …, before glucose ever gets absorbed into the blood.

75
Q

GIP is released in response to oral glucose which stimulates … of the Duodenum and early Jejunum.

76
Q

What does GIP inhibit?

A

Gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying

77
Q

Motilin is secreted by what cells of the Duodenum and Jejunum?

A

crypt M-Cells

78
Q

Motilin initiates what?

A

Migrating Myoelectric Complex (MMC)

79
Q

What inhibits the release of Motilin?

80
Q

When will you not find motilin in the body?

A

During feeding or within 5 hours of a meal

81
Q

What is Pancreatic Polypeptide released from?

A

PP-Cells of the endocrine Pancreas (far away from lumen)

82
Q

Pancreatic Polypeptide inhibits the release of …

A

both the Pancreatic Enzymes and water and bicarbonate

83
Q

Where is Enteroglucagon released from?

A

distal small intestine,ileum, and colon

84
Q

Enteroglucagon is released in response to …

A

glucose and fat in the chyme

85
Q

Enteroglucagon stimulates …

A

Increased Hepatic Bile Flow

86
Q

Enteroglucagon decreases …

A

acid secretion, and motility

87
Q

What inhibits the release of all Peptide Hormones?

A

Somatostatin

88
Q

Histamine is not a …

89
Q

Histamine stimulates … cells of gastric acid secretion

A

Parietal Cells

90
Q

What causes the release of Histamine?

A

Gastrin, Acetylcholine or Secretagogues

91
Q

Histamine is synthesized in the … of the Oxyntic Gland of the Stomach

A

Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ECLs)

92
Q

Histamine amplifies … affect

A

Gastrin’s

93
Q

May be the most potent stimulator of gastric HCl

94
Q

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) mediates the relaxation of …

A

GI and vascular smooth muscle

95
Q

VIP stimulates the intestinal mucous and salivary glands to release …

A

pancreatic fluid, bicarb, water, electrolytes, and pepsinogen secretion by the Chief Cells

96
Q

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide (GRP) mediates the Vagal Stimulated release of …

97
Q

Nitric Oxide is produced by …

A

neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)

98
Q

One of the most important functions of NO is the relaxation of the …

A

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) during swallowing

Physiology (16 decks)

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