Renal

Question 0

What is goldblatt’s kidney?

Answer 0

Flea-bitten kidney (blown capillaries)

Question 1

Which part of the nephron concentrates urine?

Answer 1

Medulla

Question 2

What is Uremia?

Answer 2

Azotemia + symptoms

Question 3

What is Azotemia?

Answer 3

^ BUN / Cr

Question 4

What is Nephritic kidney disease?

Answer 4

^ size of fenestrations => vasculitis

Question 5

What is nephrotic kidney disease?

Answer 5

Lost BM charge due to deposition on heparin sulfate => massive proteinuria and lipiduria

Question 6

What is seen in RPGN (Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis)?

Answer 6

Crescents

Question 7

What is Post-Strep GN?

Answer 7

Subepithelial, IgG/C3/C4 deposition, ASO Ab

Question 8

What is Interstitial Nephritis?

Answer 8

Urine eosinophils

Question 9

What is Lupus nephritis?

Answer 9

Subepithelial

Question 10

What is MGN (membranoglomerulonephritis)?

Answer 10

Deposition

Question 11

What is MPGN (Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis)?

Answer 11

Tram-tracks (type II has low C3)

Question 12

What is MCD (Minimal Change Disease)?

Answer 12

Kids, fused foot processes, no renal failure, loss of charge barrier

Question 13

What is FSGS (Focal segmental Glomerulosclerosis)?

Answer 13

AA, HIV pts

Question 14

What are the vasculitis w/ low C3?

Answer 14

“PMS in Salt Lake City”

Post-strep GN
MPGN type II
SBE
Serum sickness
Lupus
Cryoglobulinemia

Question 15

What is the most common cause of kidney stones?

Answer 15

Dehydration

Question 16

What are the most common type of kidney stones?

Answer 16

Calcium pyrophosphate

Question 17

What type of kidney stones have coffin-lid crystals?

Answer 17

Triple phosphate

Question 18

What type of kidney stones have rosette crystals?

Answer 18

Uric acid

Question 19

What type of stones have hexagonal crystals?

Answer 19

Oxalate

Question 21

What disease has Aniridia?

Answer 21

Wilm’s Tumor

Question 22

What disease has Iridocyclitis?

Answer 22

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Question 23

What is Phimosis?

Answer 23

Foreskin scarred at penis head (foreskin stuck smooshed up)

Question 24

What is Paraphimosis?

Answer 24

Foreskin scarred at penis base (retraction of foreskin => strangulates penis)

Question 25

What is urge incontinence?

Answer 25

Urgency leads to complete voiding (detrusor spacity --> small bladder volume)

Question 26

What is stress incontinence?

Answer 26

Weak pelvic floor muscles (estrogen effect)

Question 27

what is overflow incontinence?

Answer 27

runs down leg but can't complete empty bladder

Question 28

what structures have one-way valves?

Answer 28

urethra, ejaculatory duct

Question 29

What structore have fake sphincters?

Answer 29

Ureters, LES, Ileocecal valve

Question 30

What has WBC casts?

Answer 30

Nephritis

Question 31

What has WBC casts only?

Answer 31

Pyelonephritis (sepsis)

Question 32

What has WBC = eosinophils?

Answer 32

Interstitial nephritis (allergies)

Question 33

What has WBC casts + RBC casts?

Answer 33

Gomerulonephritis

Question 34

What has fat casts?

Answer 34

nephrotic syndrome

Question 35

what has waxy casts?

Answer 35

chronic renal failure

Question 36

what has tubular casts?

Answer 36

ATN (Acute Tubular Necrosis)

Question 37

what has muddy brown casts?

Answer 37

ATN (acute Tubular Necrosis)

Question 38

what has hyaline casts?

Answer 38

normal sloughing

Question 39

what has epithelial casts?

Answer 39

normal sloughing

Question 40

what has crescents?

Answer 40

RPGN

Question 41

How do you measure afferent renal function?

Answer 41

Creatinine (or inulin)

Question 42

How do you measure efferent renal function?

Answer 42

BUN (or PAH)

Question 43

What is the afferent arteriole's job?

Answer 43

Filter

Question 44

What is the efferent arteriole's job?

Answer 44

Secrete

Question 45

How do you test afferent arteriole function?

Answer 45

GFR

Question 46

How do you test efferent arteriole function?

Answer 46

RPF

Question 47

What is pre renal failure?

Answer 47

Low flow to kidney (BUN:Cr>20)

Question 48

What is renal failure?

Answer 48

Damage glomerulus (BUN:Cr <20)

Question 49

What is post renal failure?

Answer 49

Obstruction (havent peed in last 4 days)

Question 50

What is the job of the proximal tubule?

Answer 50

Reabsorb glucose, amino acids, salt, bicarb

Question 51

What is the job of the thin ascending limb?

Answer 51

Reabsorb water

Question 52

What is the job of the thick ascending limb?

Answer 52

Make the concentration gradient by reabsorbing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca without water

Question 53

What is the job of the early distal tubule?

Answer 53

Concentrate urine by reabsorbing NaCl (hypotonic)

Question 54

What is the job of the late distal tubule?

Answer 54

Final concentration of urine by reabsorbing water, excretion of acid (isotonic)

Question 55

What does the macula densa do?

Answer 55

Measures osmolarity

Question 56

What does the J-G apparatus do?

Answer 56

Measures volume

Question 57

What is Fanconi's syndrome?

Answer 57

Old tetracycline use => urine phosphates, glucose, amino acids

Question 58

What is Bartter's syndrome?

Answer 58

Baby w/ defective triple transporter (low Na, Cl, K w/normal BP)

Question 59

What is Psychogenic polydipsia?

Answer 59

No concentrating ability -> cerebral edema

Question 60

What is hepatorenal syndrome?

Answer 60

High urea from liver -> increase glutaminase -> NH4 -> GABA -> kidney stops working

Question 61

What is. Type1 RTA?

Answer 61

Distal renal tubular acidosis: H/K in CD is broken -> high urine pH (UTI, stones, Li)

Question 62

What is type 2 RTA?

Answer 62

Proximal RTA:bad CA-> lost all bicarb -> low urine pH (multiple myeloma)

Question 63

What is type 3 RTA?

Answer 63

RTA I + RTA II -> normal urine pH (5-6)

Question 64

What is type 4 RTA?

Answer 64

Infarct J-G -> no renin -> no Aldo -> high k (DM, NSAIDs, ACE I, Heparin)

Question 65

What is Central pontine myelinolysis?

Answer 65

Due to correcting Na faster than 0.5mEq/hr