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Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common intracellular buffer?

A

Protein

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2
Q

What is the most common extracellular buffer?

A

Bicarbonate

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3
Q

What is a Zwitterion?

A

A molecule with one negative and one positive end

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4
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

The pH at which there is not net charge

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5
Q

What is the rare limiting enzyme in Glycolisis?

A

PFK-1 (phospho fructokinase 1)

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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7
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt?

A

G-6PD (Glucose - 6 -phosphate dehydrogenase)

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8
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

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9
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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10
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Fatty Acid synthesis?

A

AcCoA carboxylase

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11
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in B-oxidation?

A

CAT-1

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12
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG CoA reductase

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13
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Ketogenosis?

A

HMG CoA synthase

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14
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Purine synthesis?

A

PRPP synthase

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15
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Asp transcarbamoylase

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16
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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17
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the urea cycle?

A

CPS I

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18
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in heme synthesis?

A

delta-ALA-synthase

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19
Q

What are the catabolic pathways that create energy?

A

“ABC”
Acetyl-CoA production
b-oxidation
citric acid cycle

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20
Q

What are the anabolic pathways that store energy?

A 
"EFGH"
ER
Fatty Acid synthesis
Glycolysis
HMP shunt
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21
Q

What are the anabolic + catabolic pathways?

A

“HUG”
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis

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22
Q

What does an isomerase do?

A

creates an isomer

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23
Q

What does an epimerase do?

A

Creates an epimer, which differs around 1 chiral carbon

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24
Q

What does a mutase do?

A

Moves sidechain from one carbon to another (intrachain)

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25
What does a transferase do?
Moves sidechain from one substrate to another (interchain)
26
What does a Kinase do?
Phosphorylates using ATP
27
What does Phosphorylase do?
Phosphorylates using Pi
28
What does Carboxylase do?
Forms C-C bonds (w/ ATP and biotin)
29
What does a Synthase do?
Consumes 2 substrates
30
What does Synthetase do?
Consumes 2 substrates, uses ATP
31
What does a phosphatase do?
Breaks phosphate bond
32
What does a Hydrolaxe do?
Breaks a bond with water
33
What does a Lyase do?
Cuts C-C bonds w/ATP
34
What does dehydrogenase do?
Removes H with a cofactor
35
What does a Thio do?
Breaks S bond
36
What is Diffusion>
From high to low concentration
37
What is active transport?
Goes against concentration gradient
38
What is zero-order kinetics?
metabolism independent of concentration
39
What is first order kinetics?
Constant drug percentage metabolism over time, depends on drug concentration
40
What is Efficacy?
Max effect regardless of dose (lower w/non competitive antagonist)
41
What effects efficacy?
Vmax
42
What is Potency?
Amount of drug needed to produce effect (lower w/ comp antagonist)
43
What affects Potency?
Km
44
What is Km?
Concentration of drug that produces 50% of receptors
45
What is EC50?
Concentration of drug that produces 50% of maximal response
46
What is competitive inhibition?
Fights for active site, no DeltaVmax, potency decreases
47
What is Non-competitive inhibition?
binds a regulatory site, no DeltaKm, efficacy decreases, decreases Vmax
48
What is Endothermic Reaction>
Consumes heat
49
What is Exothermic Reaction?
Gives of heat
50
What is the Peak level?
11. 4 hrs after dose (too high => decrease dose)
51
What is the Through level?
2hrs before dose (too high=> gives less often)
52
What is t1/2?
Half life, the time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested
53
What is von Gierke?
G-6Pase deficiency=> hypoglycemia, hepatosplenomegaly
54
What is Pompe's?
Cardiac alpha-1, 4-glucosidase deficiency => DIE early
55
What is Cori's?
Debranching enzyme deficiency =>short branches of glycogen
56
What is Anderson's?
Branching enzyme deficiency => long chains of glycogen
57
What is McArdle's?
Muscle phosphorylate deficiency=> muscle cramps w/exercise
58
What is Essential Fructosuria?
Fructokinase deficiency => excrete fructose (still have hexokinase)
59
What is Fructosemia?
"fructose intolerance" (Aldolase B deficiency) => liver damage
60
What does a Galactokinase deficiency causes?
Cataracts
61
What does Galactosemia cause?
Cataracts, mental retardation, liver damage
62
What does the Citrate shuttle do?
FA transport out of the mitochondria
63
What does the Carnitine shuttle do?
FA transport into the mitochondria
64
What lysosomal diseases have a cherry-red macula?
Tay-Sachs, Niemman Pick
65
What lysosomal diseases have a Gargoyle-face?
Gaucher's, Hurler's
66
What is Tay-Sach's?
Hexosaminidase A deficiency=> blindness, incoordination, dementia
67
What is Sandhoff's?
Hexosaminidase A/B deficiency
68
What is Gaucher's?
Glucocerebrosidase deficiency=> wrinkled tissue MP, bone pain
69
What is Niemman's Pick?
Sphingomyelinase deficiency=> zebra bodies
70
What is Fabry's?
alpha-galactosidase deficiency=> corneal clouding, attacks baby's kidneys, x-linked
71
What is Krabbe's?
b-galactosidase deficiency=> globoid bodies
72
What is Metachromatic Leukodystrophy?
Arylsulfatase deficiency=> childhood MS
73
What is Hunter's?
Iduronidase deficiency, milder form
74
What is Hurler's?
Iduronnidase deficiency, worse form
75
What is Lesch-Nyhan?
(HGPRT deficiency) => gout, neuropathy, self-mutilation
76
What does white diaper crystals suggest?
Excess orotic acid
77
What does biotin donate methyl groups for?
Carboxylation
78
What does THF donate methyl group for?
Nucleotides
79
What does SAM donate methyl groups fpr?
All other reactions
80
What is the difference b/w heterochromatin and euchromatin?
Heterochromatin=tightly coiled | Euchromatin= loose (10nm fibers)
81
What are the purines?
A, G
82
What are the pyrimidines?
C,U,T
83
What is a silent mutation?
Changes leave te same amino acid
84
What is a point mutation?
Changes 1 base
85
What is a transition?
Changes 1 purine to another purine
86
What is a transversion?
Changes 1 purine to a pyrimidine
87
What is a frameshift mutation?
Insert or delete 1-2 bases
88
What is a missense mutation?
Mistaken amino acid substitution
89
What is a nonsense mutation?
Early stop codon
90
What does a Southern blot detect?
DNA
91
What does a Northern blot detect?
RNA
92
What does a Western blot detect?
Protein
93
What are the essential amino acids?
"PVT TIM HALL" ``` Phe Val Trp Thr Ile Met His Arg Leu Lys ```
94
What are the essential fatty acids?
Linolenic | Linoleic
95
What are the acidic amino acids?
Asp, Glu
96
What are the basic amino acids?
Lys, Arg
97
What are the sulfur-containing amino acids?
Cys, Met
98
What are the O-bond amino acids?
Ser, Thr, Tyr
99
What are the N-bond amino acids?
Asn, Gln
100
What are the branched amino acids?
Leu, Ile, Val
101
What are the aromatic amino acids?
Phe, Tyr, Trp
102
What are the smallest amino acid?
Gly
103
What are the ketogenic amino acids?
Lys, Leu
104
What are the glucogenic + ketogenic amino acids?
"PITT" | Phe, Iso, Thr, Trp
105
What are the glucogenic amino acids?
all the rest
106
What amino acids does Trypsin cut?
Lys, Arg
107
What amino acids does B-ME cut?
Cys, Met
108
What amino acids does Acid Hydrolysis denature?
Asn, Gln
109
What amino acids does Chymotripsin cut?
Phe, Tyr, Trp
110
What amino acid turns yellow on Nurhydrin reaction?
Pro
111
What does Carboxypeptidase cut?
Left of any amino acid on the carboxy terminal
112
What does Aminopeptidase cut?
Right of N terminus
113
What does CNBr cut?
Right of Met
114
What does Mercaptoethanol cut?
Right of Cys, Met
115
What does Elastase cut?
Right of Gly, Ala, ser
116
What does Trypsin cut?
Arg, Lys
117
What does Chymotrypsin cut?
Phe, Tyr, Trp
118
What does alpha1-AT do?
Inhibits trypsin from getting loose
119
What is PKU?
No Phe -> Tyr (via Phe Hydroxylase): Nutrasweet sensitivity, mental retardation, pale, blond hair, blue eyes, musty odor
120
What is Albinism?
No Tyr-> Melanin (via Tyrosinase)
121
What is Maple Syrup Urine disease?
Defective metabolism of branched aa (Leu, Iso, Val) => aa leak out
122
What is Homocystinuria?
No Homocysteine -> Cys: "COLA" stones | Cystine, Ornithine, Lysine, Arginine
123
What is Pellagra?
Niacin deficiency | Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death
124
What is Hartnup's?
No Trp=> Niacin + Serotonin Presents like Pellagra Can mimic corn-rich diet
125
What causes anterior leg bowing?
Neonatal Syphilis
126
What causes lateral leg bowing?
Rickets
127
What are the names of the B vitamins?
``` "The Rich Never Lie about Panning Pyrite Filled Creeks" Vit B1=Thiamine Vit B2=Riboflavin Vit B3=Niacin Vit B4=Lipoic Acid Vit B5= Panthotenic Acid Vit B6= Pyridoxine Vit B9= Folate Viy B12=Cobalamin ```
128
What Vit A do?
Night vision, CSF production, PTH
129
What does Vit B1 do?
Dehydrogenases, transketolase (PPP) cofactors
130
What does Vit B2 do?
FAD cofactor
131
What does Vit B3 do?
NAD cofactor
132
What does Vit B4do?
Glycolisis, no known diseases
133
What dooes Vit B5 do?
Part of Acetyl CoA, no known diseases
134
What does Vit B6 do?
Transaminase cofactor, myelin integrity
135
What does Vit B9 do?
Nuclear division
136
What does Vit B12 do?
Cofactor for HMT and MMM
137
What does Vit C do?
Collagen sythesis
138
What does Vit D do?
Mineralization of bones, teeth
139
What does Vit K do?
Clotting
140
What does Biotin do?
Carboxylation
141
What does Ca+2 do?
Neuronal function, atrial depolarization, SM contractility
142
What does Cu+2 do?
Collagen Synthesis
143
What does Fe+2 do?
Hb function, electron transport
144
What is Bronze pigmentation?
Fe deposit in skin
145
What is Bronze cirrhosis?
Fe deposit in liver
146
What is Bronze diabetes?
Fe deposit in pancreas
147
What is Hemosiderosis?
Fe overload in bone marrow
148
What is Hemochromatosis?
Fe deposit in organs
149
What does Mg+2 do?
PTH and kinase cofactor
150
What does Zn +2 do?
Taste buds, hair, sperm function
151
What does Cr do?
Insulin fucntion
152
What does Mb do?
Purine breakdown (xanthine oxidase)
153
What does Mn do?
Glycolysis
154
What does Se do?
Heart function => dilated cardiomyopathy
155
What does Sn do?
Hair
156
What is Kawashiorkor?
Malabsoprtion, big belly (ascites), protein deficiency
157
What is Marasmus?
Starvation, skinny, calorie deficiency
158
What does the Pre label send stuff to?
ER
159
What does the Pro label send stuff to?
Golgi
160
Where does the mannose-6-p send stuff to?
Lysosome
161
Where does the N-terminal sequence send stuff to?
Mitochondria
162
What are the 4 types of collagen?
``` Strong, Slippery, Bloody, BM Type I: skin, bone Type II: Connective tissue, aqueous humor Type III: Arteries Type IV: Basement membrane ```
163
How does Scleroderma present?
Tight skin
164
How does Ehlers Danlos present?
Hyperstretchable skin
165
How does Marfans presents?
Hyperextensible joints, arachnodactyly, wing span longer than height, aortic root dilatation, aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse, dislocated lens from bottom of eye -> look up
166
How does Homocystinuria present?
Dislocated lens from top -> look down
167
How does Kinky hair disease present?
Hair looks like copper wire (Cu deficiency)
168
How does Scurvy present?
Bleeding gums, bleeding hair follicles
169
How does Takayasu arteritis present?
Asian female with very weak pulse
170
How does Osteogenesis Imperfecta present?
Shattered bones, blue sclera

PPClues (24 decks)

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