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Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common intracellular buffer?

A

Protein

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2
Q

What is the most common extracellular buffer?

A

Bicarbonate

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3
Q

What is a Zwitterion?

A

A molecule with one negative and one positive end

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4
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

The pH at which there is not net charge

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5
Q

What is the rare limiting enzyme in Glycolisis?

A

PFK-1 (phospho fructokinase 1)

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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7
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt?

A

G-6PD (Glucose - 6 -phosphate dehydrogenase)

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8
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

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9
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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10
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Fatty Acid synthesis?

A

AcCoA carboxylase

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11
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in B-oxidation?

A

CAT-1

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12
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG CoA reductase

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13
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Ketogenosis?

A

HMG CoA synthase

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14
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Purine synthesis?

A

PRPP synthase

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15
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Asp transcarbamoylase

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16
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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17
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the urea cycle?

A

CPS I

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18
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in heme synthesis?

A

delta-ALA-synthase

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19
Q

What are the catabolic pathways that create energy?

A

“ABC”
Acetyl-CoA production
b-oxidation
citric acid cycle

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20
Q

What are the anabolic pathways that store energy?

A 
"EFGH"
ER
Fatty Acid synthesis
Glycolysis
HMP shunt
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21
Q

What are the anabolic + catabolic pathways?

A

“HUG”
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis

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22
Q

What does an isomerase do?

A

creates an isomer

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23
Q

What does an epimerase do?

A

Creates an epimer, which differs around 1 chiral carbon

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24
Q

What does a mutase do?

A

Moves sidechain from one carbon to another (intrachain)

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25
Q

What does a transferase do?

A

Moves sidechain from one substrate to another (interchain)

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26
Q

What does a Kinase do?

A

Phosphorylates using ATP

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27
Q

What does Phosphorylase do?

A

Phosphorylates using Pi

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28
Q

What does Carboxylase do?

A

Forms C-C bonds (w/ ATP and biotin)

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29
Q

What does a Synthase do?

A

Consumes 2 substrates

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30
Q

What does Synthetase do?

A

Consumes 2 substrates, uses ATP

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31
Q

What does a phosphatase do?

A

Breaks phosphate bond

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32
Q

What does a Hydrolaxe do?

A

Breaks a bond with water

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33
Q

What does a Lyase do?

A

Cuts C-C bonds w/ATP

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34
Q

What does dehydrogenase do?

A

Removes H with a cofactor

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35
Q

What does a Thio do?

A

Breaks S bond

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36
Q

What is Diffusion>

A

From high to low concentration

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37
Q

What is active transport?

A

Goes against concentration gradient

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38
Q

What is zero-order kinetics?

A

metabolism independent of concentration

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39
Q

What is first order kinetics?

A

Constant drug percentage metabolism over time, depends on drug concentration

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40
Q

What is Efficacy?

A

Max effect regardless of dose (lower w/non competitive antagonist)

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41
Q

What effects efficacy?

A

Vmax

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42
Q

What is Potency?

A

Amount of drug needed to produce effect (lower w/ comp antagonist)

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43
Q

What affects Potency?

A

Km

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44
Q

What is Km?

A

Concentration of drug that produces 50% of receptors

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45
Q

What is EC50?

A

Concentration of drug that produces 50% of maximal response

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46
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Fights for active site, no DeltaVmax, potency decreases

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47
Q

What is Non-competitive inhibition?

A

binds a regulatory site, no DeltaKm, efficacy decreases, decreases Vmax

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48
Q

What is Endothermic Reaction>

A

Consumes heat

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49
Q

What is Exothermic Reaction?

A

Gives of heat

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50
Q

What is the Peak level?

A
  1. 4 hrs after dose (too high => decrease dose)
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51
Q

What is the Through level?

A

2hrs before dose (too high=> gives less often)

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52
Q

What is t1/2?

A

Half life, the time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested

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53
Q

What is von Gierke?

A

G-6Pase deficiency=> hypoglycemia, hepatosplenomegaly

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54
Q

What is Pompe’s?

A

Cardiac alpha-1, 4-glucosidase deficiency => DIE early

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55
Q

What is Cori’s?

A

Debranching enzyme deficiency =>short branches of glycogen

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56
Q

What is Anderson’s?

A

Branching enzyme deficiency => long chains of glycogen

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57
Q

What is McArdle’s?

A

Muscle phosphorylate deficiency=> muscle cramps w/exercise

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58
Q

What is Essential Fructosuria?

A

Fructokinase deficiency => excrete fructose (still have hexokinase)

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59
Q

What is Fructosemia?

A

“fructose intolerance” (Aldolase B deficiency) => liver damage

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60
Q

What does a Galactokinase deficiency causes?

A

Cataracts

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61
Q

What does Galactosemia cause?

A

Cataracts, mental retardation, liver damage

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62
Q

What does the Citrate shuttle do?

A

FA transport out of the mitochondria

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63
Q

What does the Carnitine shuttle do?

A

FA transport into the mitochondria

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64
Q

What lysosomal diseases have a cherry-red macula?

A

Tay-Sachs, Niemman Pick

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65
Q

What lysosomal diseases have a Gargoyle-face?

A

Gaucher’s, Hurler’s

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66
Q

What is Tay-Sach’s?

A

Hexosaminidase A deficiency=> blindness, incoordination, dementia

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67
Q

What is Sandhoff’s?

A

Hexosaminidase A/B deficiency

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68
Q

What is Gaucher’s?

A

Glucocerebrosidase deficiency=> wrinkled tissue MP, bone pain

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69
Q

What is Niemman’s Pick?

A

Sphingomyelinase deficiency=> zebra bodies

70
Q

What is Fabry’s?

A

alpha-galactosidase deficiency=> corneal clouding, attacks baby’s kidneys, x-linked

71
Q

What is Krabbe’s?

A

b-galactosidase deficiency=> globoid bodies

72
Q

What is Metachromatic Leukodystrophy?

A

Arylsulfatase deficiency=> childhood MS

73
Q

What is Hunter’s?

A

Iduronidase deficiency, milder form

74
Q

What is Hurler’s?

A

Iduronnidase deficiency, worse form

75
Q

What is Lesch-Nyhan?

A

(HGPRT deficiency) => gout, neuropathy, self-mutilation

76
Q

What does white diaper crystals suggest?

A

Excess orotic acid

77
Q

What does biotin donate methyl groups for?

A

Carboxylation

78
Q

What does THF donate methyl group for?

A

Nucleotides

79
Q

What does SAM donate methyl groups fpr?

A

All other reactions

80
Q

What is the difference b/w heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A

Heterochromatin=tightly coiled

Euchromatin= loose (10nm fibers)

81
Q

What are the purines?

82
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

83
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Changes leave te same amino acid

84
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

Changes 1 base

85
Q

What is a transition?

A

Changes 1 purine to another purine

86
Q

What is a transversion?

A

Changes 1 purine to a pyrimidine

87
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Insert or delete 1-2 bases

88
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Mistaken amino acid substitution

89
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Early stop codon

90
Q

What does a Southern blot detect?

91
Q

What does a Northern blot detect?

92
Q

What does a Western blot detect?

93
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

“PVT TIM HALL”

Phe
Val
Trp
Thr
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Leu
Lys
94
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linolenic

Linoleic

95
Q

What are the acidic amino acids?

96
Q

What are the basic amino acids?

97
Q

What are the sulfur-containing amino acids?

98
Q

What are the O-bond amino acids?

A

Ser, Thr, Tyr

99
Q

What are the N-bond amino acids?

100
Q

What are the branched amino acids?

A

Leu, Ile, Val

101
Q

What are the aromatic amino acids?

A

Phe, Tyr, Trp

102
Q

What are the smallest amino acid?

103
Q

What are the ketogenic amino acids?

104
Q

What are the glucogenic + ketogenic amino acids?

A

“PITT”

Phe, Iso, Thr, Trp

105
Q

What are the glucogenic amino acids?

A

all the rest

106
Q

What amino acids does Trypsin cut?

107
Q

What amino acids does B-ME cut?

108
Q

What amino acids does Acid Hydrolysis denature?

109
Q

What amino acids does Chymotripsin cut?

A

Phe, Tyr, Trp

110
Q

What amino acid turns yellow on Nurhydrin reaction?

111
Q

What does Carboxypeptidase cut?

A

Left of any amino acid on the carboxy terminal

112
Q

What does Aminopeptidase cut?

A

Right of N terminus

113
Q

What does CNBr cut?

A

Right of Met

114
Q

What does Mercaptoethanol cut?

A

Right of Cys, Met

115
Q

What does Elastase cut?

A

Right of Gly, Ala, ser

116
Q

What does Trypsin cut?

117
Q

What does Chymotrypsin cut?

A

Phe, Tyr, Trp

118
Q

What does alpha1-AT do?

A

Inhibits trypsin from getting loose

119
Q

What is PKU?

A

No Phe -> Tyr (via Phe Hydroxylase): Nutrasweet sensitivity, mental retardation, pale, blond hair, blue eyes, musty odor

120
Q

What is Albinism?

A

No Tyr-> Melanin (via Tyrosinase)

121
Q

What is Maple Syrup Urine disease?

A

Defective metabolism of branched aa (Leu, Iso, Val) => aa leak out

122
Q

What is Homocystinuria?

A

No Homocysteine -> Cys: “COLA” stones

Cystine, Ornithine, Lysine, Arginine

123
Q

What is Pellagra?

A

Niacin deficiency

Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death

124
Q

What is Hartnup’s?

A

No Trp=> Niacin + Serotonin
Presents like Pellagra
Can mimic corn-rich diet

125
Q

What causes anterior leg bowing?

A

Neonatal Syphilis

126
Q

What causes lateral leg bowing?

127
Q

What are the names of the B vitamins?

A 
"The Rich Never Lie about Panning Pyrite Filled Creeks"
Vit B1=Thiamine
Vit B2=Riboflavin
Vit B3=Niacin
Vit  B4=Lipoic Acid
Vit B5= Panthotenic Acid
Vit B6= Pyridoxine
Vit B9= Folate
 Viy B12=Cobalamin
128
Q

What Vit A do?

A

Night vision, CSF production, PTH

129
Q

What does Vit B1 do?

A

Dehydrogenases, transketolase (PPP) cofactors

130
Q

What does Vit B2 do?

A

FAD cofactor

131
Q

What does Vit B3 do?

A

NAD cofactor

132
Q

What does Vit B4do?

A

Glycolisis, no known diseases

133
Q

What dooes Vit B5 do?

A

Part of Acetyl CoA, no known diseases

134
Q

What does Vit B6 do?

A

Transaminase cofactor, myelin integrity

135
Q

What does Vit B9 do?

A

Nuclear division

136
Q

What does Vit B12 do?

A

Cofactor for HMT and MMM

137
Q

What does Vit C do?

A

Collagen sythesis

138
Q

What does Vit D do?

A

Mineralization of bones, teeth

139
Q

What does Vit K do?

140
Q

What does Biotin do?

A

Carboxylation

141
Q

What does Ca+2 do?

A

Neuronal function, atrial depolarization, SM contractility

142
Q

What does Cu+2 do?

A

Collagen Synthesis

143
Q

What does Fe+2 do?

A

Hb function, electron transport

144
Q

What is Bronze pigmentation?

A

Fe deposit in skin

145
Q

What is Bronze cirrhosis?

A

Fe deposit in liver

146
Q

What is Bronze diabetes?

A

Fe deposit in pancreas

147
Q

What is Hemosiderosis?

A

Fe overload in bone marrow

148
Q

What is Hemochromatosis?

A

Fe deposit in organs

149
Q

What does Mg+2 do?

A

PTH and kinase cofactor

150
Q

What does Zn +2 do?

A

Taste buds, hair, sperm function

151
Q

What does Cr do?

A

Insulin fucntion

152
Q

What does Mb do?

A

Purine breakdown (xanthine oxidase)

153
Q

What does Mn do?

A

Glycolysis

154
Q

What does Se do?

A

Heart function => dilated cardiomyopathy

155
Q

What does Sn do?

156
Q

What is Kawashiorkor?

A

Malabsoprtion, big belly (ascites), protein deficiency

157
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Starvation, skinny, calorie deficiency

158
Q

What does the Pre label send stuff to?

159
Q

What does the Pro label send stuff to?

160
Q

Where does the mannose-6-p send stuff to?

161
Q

Where does the N-terminal sequence send stuff to?

A

Mitochondria

162
Q

What are the 4 types of collagen?

A 
Strong, Slippery, Bloody, BM
Type I: skin, bone
 Type II: Connective tissue, aqueous humor
 Type III: Arteries
 Type IV: Basement membrane
163
Q

How does Scleroderma present?

A

Tight skin

164
Q

How does Ehlers Danlos present?

A

Hyperstretchable skin

165
Q

How does Marfans presents?

A

Hyperextensible joints, arachnodactyly, wing span longer than height, aortic root dilatation, aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse, dislocated lens from bottom of eye -> look up

166
Q

How does Homocystinuria present?

A

Dislocated lens from top -> look down

167
Q

How does Kinky hair disease present?

A

Hair looks like copper wire (Cu deficiency)

168
Q

How does Scurvy present?

A

Bleeding gums, bleeding hair follicles

169
Q

How does Takayasu arteritis present?

A

Asian female with very weak pulse

170
Q

How does Osteogenesis Imperfecta present?

A

Shattered bones, blue sclera

PPClues (24 decks)

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