Renal

Question 1

What are signs/symptoms of acute interstitial nephritis?

Answer 1

fever, rash, arthralgia
eosinophilia
mild renal impairment
hypertension
White cell casts
“Allergic picture”

Question 2

How can nephrotic syndrome cause renal vein thrombosis?

Answer 2

Nephrotic syndrome is associated with hyper-coagulable state due to loss of antithrombin III via the kidneys

Question 3

What are signs/symptoms of Goodpastures/ anti-GBM?

Answer 3

haemoptysis + AKI/proteinuria/haematuria
Pulmonary haemorrhage + rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Question 4

What are the 2 main signs/symptoms of acute tubular necrosis?

Answer 4

• brown granular casts in urine
• poor fluid challenge(if fluids are given, still will have low urine output)

Question 5

What is the difference between exercise-induced CK elevation and rhabdomyolysis.

Answer 5

exercise-induced CK elevation has an isolated raise in CK which is 2-4 times elevation.. rhambdoyolysis is over 4 times increase of CK and dark reddish brown colour.

Question 6

Patient with organ transplants are at risk to what disease later on?

Answer 6

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 7

If a patient has a urine output <0.5ml/kg/hr post op, what is the first step in managing the patient (if they are no contraindication/ haemorrhage etc.)?

Answer 7

Fluid challenge

Question 8

What is an indication for dialysis?

Answer 8

Uraemia - encephalopathy or pericarditis

Question 9

In acute tubular necrosis, do you have low or raised urinary sodium?

Answer 9

Raised

Question 10

When do u do an ecg in hyperkalaemia?

Answer 10

K+ 5-6.5

Question 11

What is a sign of fibromuscular dysplasia?

Answer 11

String of beads of the renal arteries + AKI after ACEi use (usually in young females)

Question 12

What should candesartan be given to diabetics?

Answer 12

All diabetic patients with a urinary ACR of 3 mg/mmol or more should be started on an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin-II receptor antagonist

Question 13

What is the ABG and anion gap for a person with diarrhoea?

Answer 13

normal anion gap acidosis + hypokalaemia

Question 14

What is the ABG and anion gap for a person with vomiting?

Answer 14

normal anion gap alkalosis

Question 15

How to treat renal stones?

Answer 15

watchful waiting if < 5mm and asymptomatic
5-10mm shockwave lithotripsy
10-20 mm shockwave lithotripsy OR ureteroscopy
> 20 mm percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Question 16

How to treat uretic stones?

Answer 16

shockwave lithotripsy +/- alpha blockers< 10mm shockwave lithotripsy +/- alpha blockers
10-20 mm ureteroscopy

Question 17

What drugs cause SIADH?

Answer 17

Carbamazepine, sulfonylureas, SSRIs, tricyclics