Renal

Question 1

Left kidney position

Answer 1

slightly higher than right kidney

Question 2

Three layers of tissue around kidney

Answer 2

Fibrous capsule (closest layer)
Perinephric fat
renal fascia (sac around both)

Question 3

Hilum

Answer 3

entrance to the kidneys
arteries, veins, ureter

Question 4

renal medulla sections

Answer 4

Pyramids
papillae
columns

Question 5

Kidney lobe

Answer 5

each renal pyramid, cortex above and adjacent columns

Question 6

kidney Calyx

Answer 6

Collecting ducts
major and minor
collect filtrate from papillary ducts. becomes urine now

Question 7

Renal artery order

Answer 7

Segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical radiate, afferent

Question 8

Renal vein order

Answer 8

Peritubular, efferent, cortical radiate, arcuate, interloper, renal vein

Question 9

Renal sympathetic innervation

Answer 9

from celiac and inferior mesenteric ganglia via renal nerves

Question 10

Vascular pole

Answer 10

afferent and efferent BV into glomerulus

Question 11

Filtration barriers

Answer 11

Endothelial surface, Capillary endothelium, basement membrane, podocyte subspace

Question 12

podocyte stucture

Answer 12

have filtration slits that are formed by the Long cellular foot projections

Question 13

vasa recta

Answer 13

capillaries surrounding the loop to made Na gradient

Question 14

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 14

regulates ions and acids
causes reabsorption of more or less water

Question 15

where kidney hormones are produced

Answer 15

juxtaglomerular complex

Question 16

collecting system epithelium

Answer 16

simple cuboidal in collecting tubules, simple columnar in collecting. papillary ducts

Question 17

Ureter to bladder

Answer 17

the ureteral orifces enter in the trigone area (low and posterior)

Question 18

Ureter layers

Answer 18

inner mucosa (transitional epithelium)
middle muscular (longitudinal and circular SM)
Adventitia (continuous with kidney fibrous capsule)

Question 19

Bladder position

Answer 19

maintained by ligaments
medial umbilical pigment
from the top
lateral umbilical ligaments
on the sides

Question 20

Bladder structure

Answer 20

Rugae (folds) increase volume
trigone area funnels urine to urethra (also entrance)
detrusor layer of muscle

Question 21

internal urethral sphincter

Answer 21

right below trigone area is under involuntary control

Question 22

Male urethra

Answer 22

18-20cm long,
prostatic urethra (prostate)
membranous urethra (short as it passes through wall of pelvic cavity
spongy urethra (extends through penis)

Question 23

Sympathetic bladder effect

Answer 23

inhibits detrusor muscle and contracts sphincters

Question 24

Urine voiding reflex

Answer 24

happens at 200ml
stretch stimulates para activity detrusor muscle contracts and internal sphincter opens

Question 25

renal aging

Answer 25

nephrons decrease 30-40% loss
GFR decrease
lowered response to ADH causing frequent urination
sphincters lose tone (hard to control)