BONES Flashcards
Yellow marrow
made of adipocytes can be used as energy stores
Cortical bone
80% of bone 20% of remodelling
dense structural bone type
osteon
found in cortical bone
makes concentric layers
central Haversian canal
founding cortical bone, BV, nerves, fluid
Volkmann canals
found in cortical bone, transverse
canaliculi
found in cortical bone, links osteocytes lunicae
Trabecular bone
20% of bone 80% of remodelling
remodels from mechanical loading
what is bone made of
hydroxyapatite crystals
10:6 Ca:PO4 (matrix)
Collagen fibers (type 1)
increase tensile strength
Osteoblasts
immature bone cells
formed from mesenchymal cells
produce osteoid to do osteogenesis
close themselves in and become osteocytes
Osteoprogenitor cells
Stem cells that sit on inner layer of periosteum and project to endosperm
osteoclasts
Multinucleated cells (50-150)
formed by fusion of recruited monocyte/macrophage
secrete acids for resorption
ARRF
bone remodelling
Activation- resorption- reversal- formation
Intramembranous ossification
Bone development from fibrous tissue
Endochondral ossification
bone forms from cartilage scaffold called anlage
Spicules
specific voids in intramembranous bone from BV envelopment by osteoblast activity
Intramembranous bones
Clavicle, mandible, skull/face
Chondrocytes
form cartilage
perichondria cells
form the periosteum in endochondral ossification
endochondral ossification
starts in the cartilage anlage when cells enlarge and grow outward, then die and are replaced by osteoblasts forming and primary ossification centre
secondary ossification center
found in the epiphysis also replacing cartilage with bone, extends bones
Epiphyseal growth plate
Gap of chondrocytes between primary and secondary ossification centres
Epiphyseal line
from the closure of the gap once growing is done
articular cartilage
cartilage at the end of bone as a cap
appositional growth
Periosteum layer keeps growing outwards using circumferential lamellae while forming osteons around BV
Bone BV
Nutrient artery
metaphyseal
epiphyseal
periosteal
Nutrient artery
Enters the diaphysis and branches towards epiphysis
enters at nutrient foramen
Medullary cavity
within long bones contains BV and nerves
Metaphyseal BV
Supplies the diaphysial side of epiphysis
Epiphyseal BV
supplies cavities of epiphysis
Periosteal BV
supplies the superficial osteons
Vit A/C on bones
A stimulates osteoblasts
C is needed for collagen formation and osteoblast differentiation
Calcitriol (Vit D)
Causes Ca and PO4 absorption
PTH on bones
Stimulates osteroclasts (indirect)
Stimulates osteoblasts
over all increases Ca in blood
Calcitonin on bones
inhibits osteoclasts
thyroxine on bones
maintains normal epiphyseal growth
GH on bones
maintains regular growth
androgens on bones
Both stimulate osteoblast activity, this is faster than epiphyseal cartilage growth leading to closure
Sutrual bones
Bones found in-between skull bones from other ossification centres
Pneumatized Bones
Hollow or contain many air pockets (ethmoid bone)
Short bones
Boxlike bones, many round in wrists
Irregular bones
Bones with many processes and angles (vertebrae)
Flat bones
large and flat, have thick layers of dense bone
Long bones
Long bones
Sesamoid bones
small, round and flat, usually not connected to other bone, within ligaments or tendons
Ramus
extension of bone that forms a angle with the rest of the bone
foramen
rounded passageway for BV, nerves
sulcus
narrow groove
tuberosity
rough projection (ligament connection point)
Tubercule
small rounded projection
condyle
smooth rounded articular process
axial skeleton
80 bones (skull, ear, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs)
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones (limbs, pelvis, pectorals)
Maxillae
paired, forms hard mouth plate and lower medial side of eye
zygomatic bone
paired, forms lateral side of eye
occipital bone
Foramen magnum (spine)
Occipital condyles (articulates with atlas)
Parietal bone
Paired and joined in middle
Frontal bone
just one forms top of eyes and intersects nasal bones
Temporal bone
Paired
Sphenoid
one bone that forms back of eye sockets
has sella turcica for pituitary
Ethmoid
Cuboid in shape
Perpendicular plate forms nasal septum(with vomer) and nasal conchae (middle and superior)
with lots of sinuses.
Hyoid bone
in neck, suspended by stylohyoid ligaments
Lamboid suture
occipital and parietal bones
Sagittal suture
between two parietal bones
coronal suture
Frontal bone and two parietal
Squamous suture
temporal and parietal
Frontonasal suture
nasal bones and frontal bone
Vomer
small bone in the middle of the nose
Lacrimal bones
Forms the medial side of orbits and nose
Palatine bones
Make up roof of mouth after the maxilla stop
Nasal bones
Two bones that form the bridge of the nose
Inferior nasal conchae bones
Make up the inferior conchae
Paranasal sinuses
Frontal (2)
sphenoidal (2)
maxillary (2)
ethmoid (6)
Fontanelles
membranous areas that bones will develop in skull
anterior fontanelle
Top of head between frontal and parietal
Posterior fontanelle
Between parietal and occipital
Sphenoidal fontanelles
TemplesM
Mastoid fontanelles
partial, temporal, occipital
Curves of the spine
Cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
Makes an S
Atlas bone
Does not have a body
allows for Yes movement
has the largest foramen
Axis bone
Articulates with atlas with Dens and transverse ligament for NO movement
Sacrum
formed from 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx
3-5 fused vertebrae
male points forwards
females point backwards
True ribs/ vertebrosternal
1-7 attached to spine and sternum
vertebrochondral ribs
8-10 attached to spine but just cartilage in front
Floating ribs/vertebral
11-12 no anterior connection
Sternum
Manubrium (circle at top)
jugular notch for trachea
Body
Xiphoid process
Glenoid cavity
Socket for the humerus in the pectoral girdle
Coracoid process (crows beak)
on the front of the pectoral is attachment point for ligaments
acromion
on the back of the pectoral girdle articulates with clavicle
Proximal humerus structures
surgical neck (on main bone)
Anatomical neck (on tubercle head)
Distal humerus structures
Capitulum (raduis connect)
Trochlea (ulna connect)
Ulna proximal structures
Olecranon (elbow)
coronoid process (other side of articulate for humorous.
ulna distal structures
ulna styloid process (little post)
head
Radius proximal structures
head
radial tuberosity
Radius distal structures
radial styloid process (anchors the wrist)
Wrist bones
Pisiform
triquetrum
lunate
scaphoid
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
Wrist bone pneumonic
Planet, typhym, losses, six, thousand, tons, consistently, hella bad
Hip bones
called coxal bone made of three parts
ilium, ischium, pubis
Pelvic inlet/outlet
inlet in biggest point between opening
Outlet is smallest point between lower part
Femur proximal structures
Fovea capitis (pit in head that provides ligament spaces)
Femur distal structures
medial/ lateral condyle
fabella
small sesamoid bones that form in ligaments
Tibia distal structures
medial malleolus (ankle bump)
Tarsal bones
Calcaneus
talus
navicular
cuboid
medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform
Fibula distal structures
lateral malleolus (ankle bump)
liking little picky eaters
