Removal of Waste

Question 1

Define excretion

Answer 1

It is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body

Question 2

What organs are involved in the process of excretion and what do they excrete?

Answer 2

lungs - CO2
liver - processing substance so they can be excreted
sweat glands in the skin - secrete sweat
kidney - removal of toxic wastes such as nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid and creatinine.

Question 3

What is deamination and where does this process take place?

Answer 3

Deamination takes place in the liver. It is the process by which amino acids are broken down if there is an excess of protein intake.

Question 4

What is the correct summary/equation for deamination?

Answer 4

Amino acid + Oxygen ————> carbs + ammonia

Question 5

Once deamination has occurred, these products must be excreted. How can this process be expressed?

Answer 5

energy + carbon dioxide + ammonia ———> urea + water

Question 6

What are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 6

• removal of urea
• maintaining constant concentration of materials in the bodily fluids
• ## maintaining normal pH of blood

Question 7

What does the urinary system consist of?

Answer 7

• kidney
• ureter
• urinary bladder
• urethra

Question 8

The enzyme renin is secreted by the kidneys. What is the function of renin?

Answer 8

Renin helps maintain normal blood pressure (high)

Question 9

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 9

The nephron

Question 10

What 3 processes occur in the nephron to form urine?

Answer 10

glomerulus filtration, selective reabsorption, tubule secretion

Question 11

What part of the filtering unit is found mainly in the cortex?

Answer 11

The renal corpuscles which are composed of the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

Question 12

Why is a functioning kidney important in maintaining an efficient rate of metabolism?

Answer 12

• maintain normal homeostasis

- remove wastes and secrete substances harmful to the body.

Question 13

What is kidney failure?

Answer 13

It is a condition in which the kidney loses its ability to remove metallic wastes and regulate/balance bodily fluids.

Question 14

What are the 2 most common causes of Kidney failure?

Answer 14

Diabetes - body retains more oxygen and salts = weight gain, thus losing protein. Cause to nerves, difficulty emptying bladder = infection and rapid growth of bacteria
- (elevated blood sugar levels = damage to blood levels in kidney/nephron)
Hypertension - stretched, scared and weakened blood vessels. Build up of extra fluid raises BP even more, creating a dangerous cycle.
- (arteries in the kidneys narrow and harden and do not deliver sufficient blood to kidney tissue)

Question 15

What are the 2 treatments for kidney failure and how do they differ?

Answer 15

• Haemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis

- Haemo is done in a hospital (3 times a week), whereas peritoneal is done at home by yourself.

Question 16

Outline the requirements for a kidney transplant from the donor and recipients view.

Answer 16

• over 18 (16 or 17 with parental consent)
• good health (no diabetes, hypertension, etc)
• compatible blood type
• health kidney

Question 17

List some ways you can maintain a healthy urinary system.

Answer 17

• drink water to avoid blockage/dilutes urine. Sugary drinks lead to diabetes.
• avoid caffeinated beverages as it irritates bladder
• keep hygienic by urinating after sexual intercourse and wipe from front to back (girls in particular).

Question 18

What are 3 kidney disorders?

Answer 18

• Kidney stones
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Urinary incontinence

Question 19

What are the prime or common symptoms of stones and UTI?

Answer 19

• burning sensation when urinating
• blood in urine
• lower abdominal pain/pressure