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What are the basic structures of protein?
Chains of AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids are made up of what chemical elements?
“CHON”
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
What initiates flagellar activity and chemotaxis?
Chemotactic agent
Mitochondria of the sperm are located in?
Tail / neck / base of the head
Sperm can penetrate egg cell using?
ACROSOME (carrying enzyme Hyaluronidase)
What is the cellular division PHASE when the CELL STOPS DIVIDING, which is also seen in CARDIAC and NEURONS?
G0 phase
PMAT (mitosis steps 1-4) is aka
Karyokinesis
What is the phenomenon wherein homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis?
Synapsis (prophase1)
Sharing of DNA of two homologous chromosomes or aka the “crossing-over” or “chiastmata formation” of chromosomes is called?
Recombination
What are the non-insulin dependent tissues?
“BRICKLE”
Brain RBC Intestine Cornea Kidney Liver Exercising skeletal muscles
Basket cells or Myoepithelial cells are found in?
Salivary glands
Best example of unicellular gland
Goblet cells
The core and glycoaminoglycan (GAGs) project from it like a bristle brush
Proteoglycan
Only GAG without proteoglycan
Hyaluronic acid
What is the most common adhesion protein found in connective tissue?
Fibronectin
What is the adhesion protein found in bone?
Osteonectin
What is the most numerous PROTEIN IN ENAMEL?
Amelogenin
Disease where the px has EXCESSIVE ELASTIC FIBERS?
Marfan syndrome
Disease where the px has DEFECTIVE COLLAGEN FIBERS resulting to flexibility of tissues made up of collagen
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome aka Rubberman syndrome
Disease where the px has DEFECIENT COLLAGEN FIBERS
Osteogenesis imperfecta aka brittle bone disease
Type of bone growth that happens in mature bones
Appositional
Most numerous to least numerous WBC
Mnemonic: “Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocyte
- Monocytes
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
Universal blood donor
O-
Universal blood recipient
AB+
Most important chemical for RBC production
Iron
Capillary fragility test is also known as
Torniquet test / Rumpel-Leede test
Type of capillary pressure that pushes FLUID OUT of capillaries
Hydrostatic pressure
Type of capillary pressure that moves the FLUID IN the capillaries; determined by Albumin
Osmotic pressure
Red pulp of the spleen contains
RBC and Macrophages
White pulp of the spleen contains
B and T lymphocytes
What is the embryonic origin of melanocytes and neuroglia
Neural crest cell
Combination of stratum BASALE and stratum SPINOSUM is known as
Stratum Germinativum
aka
MALPHIGIAN Layer
Disease assoc with ABSENCE of melanin
Albinism
Disease assoc with DEFICIENCY in melanin
Vitiligo
Amino acid needed to produce melanin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and tyroxine
Tyrosine
Abnormal thickening of stratum corneum due to constant friction
Callus
Excess keratinocytes shedding from the scalp
Dandruffs
S.C.A.L.P.
Skin Connective tissue Aponeuroses Loose connective tissue Periosteum
Keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal
Psoriasis
Signs and symptoms of Psoriasis
✔️Silver scales
✔️Monroe’s Abcess
✔️Auspitz sign
abnormal keratin production
Silver scales
Cardinal sign of psoriasis
Monroe’s abscess
Bleeding spots in paoriasis
Auspitz sign
What are the epidermal extensions towards dermis
Rete pegs / Epidermal ridges
Disease assoc with saw-tooth like rete pegs
Lichen planus
What is the most dangerous type of nevus
Junctional nevus
What is Vitamin D2
ergoCalCiferol
What is Vitamin D3
CholeCalCiferol
Found at the center of haversian system or osteon
Haversian canal / Neurovascular bundle
Immature bone that is fibrous is called
Woven bone
Other name of Alveolar bone proper
Bundle bone (go for this✨) Cribriform plate
Bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum
Circumferential lamellae
Part of circumferential lamellae that is penetrated by sharpey’s fibers
Outer circumferential lamellae
Part of circumferential lamellae that lines the medullary cavity
Inner circumferential lamellae
Site of hematopoiesis site in EMBRYO
Yolk sac / Blood islands
Site of hematopoiesis in FETUS
✔️Liver (primarily)
✔️Spleen
✔️Lymph nodes
Site of hematopoiesis AFTER BIRTH
Red bone marrow
Main bones involved in hematopoiesis in children
Long bones
Main bones involved in hematopoiesis in adults
Skull
Sternum
Vertebra
Pelvic bone
Most commonly fractured in the human body
Clavicle
Most commonly fractured facial bone; absent in Down’s syndrome
Nasal bone
🔹Other term for nose bleeding
🔹Kiesselbach’s plexus (Little’s area; an artery) is damaged
Epistaxis
Longest and strongest bone in the human body
Femur
Smallest bone
Stapes
Strongest bone in the Head and Neck
Petrous part of Temporal bone
Strongest facial bone
Mandible
Commonly fractured during CPR
Xiphoid process
Most common dislocated joint (adult)
Shoulder joint
Most common dislocated joint (children)
Elbow joint
Largest carpal bone; head-shaped
Capitate
Most commonly fractured carpal bone; Boat-shaped
Scaphoid
Boat-shaped tarsal bone
Navicular
Largest tarsal bone; Heel bone
Calcaneus
Ankle bone
Talus
Procedure done to add bone between sinus and alveolar bone
Sinus Lift procedure
Best 2D radiograph to asses maxillary sinus
Water’s view
Technique used to open maxillary sinus thru the canine fossa
Caldwell-Luc procedure
Framework or Forerunner of the mandible
Meckel’s cartilage
In a right condylar neck fracture, where is the deviation during opening?
Right side / Same side of fracture
During tongue protrusion, tongue deviates to the right. What nerve is damaged?
Right CN XII
Cleft of HARD palate is known as
Uranoschisis
Cleft of the SOFT palate is known as
Staphyloschisis
Infants have a single curvature(spine) which is concave anteriorly
Primary curvature
Adults have ___ curvatures
2 - primary and secondary
Vertebrae that remained as Primary curvature
Thoracic and Sacrum
Secondary curvatures
Cervical and Lumbar
What is the treatment for Fractures?
Reduction and Fixation
What nitrogen bases are involved in uric acid formation
Purines (Adenine, Guanine)
Pathognomonic sign of Gout
Tophi bodies
Uric acid crystals in nephron are called
Nephroliths
Extraoral headgear for scoliosis and developing Skeletal class III
Milwaukee brace
What connects cardiac muscle cells together?
Intercalated disc
Glycolysis and Creatinine Phosphate happens in what part of the cell
Cytoplasm
Kreb cycle happens in what part of the cell
Mitochondria
What 2 cellular junction is found between cardiac muscle cells
✔️Desmosomes
✔️Gap junctions
What is the major muscle for mouth opening
Anterior belly of digastric muscle (V3)
What innervates posterior belly of digastric muscle
CN 7
Tongue muscles that CHANGES THE SHAPE of the tongue
Intrinsic muscles
Suprahyoid muscles
🔹Digastric muscle (Anterior and Posterior belly)
🔹Mylohyoid
🔹Stylohyoid
🔹Geniohyoid
Group of muscles that depresses mandible and elevates hyoid
Suprahyoid muscles
Group of muscles that depresses hyoid
Infrahyoid muscles
Muscles that flex the legs
Hamstring muscles
Muscles that extend the legs
Quadriceps muscles
Needle angulation
Intradermal:
Intravenous:
Subcutaneous:
Intramuscular:
Needle angulation
Intradermal: 0-15
Intravenous: 35
Subcutaneous: 45
Intramuscular: 90