8.1 Nervous System (Histology/Injuries/Disorders) Flashcards
1
Q
Functional unit of brain
A
Neuron
2
Q
3 parts of neuron
A
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
3
Q
Cell body is aka (2)
A
Perikaryon / SOMA
4
Q
Wear and tear pigment.
Yellowish granules found in Aging cells
A
Lipofuschin / Lipochrome
5
Q
What are the clusters of RER that looks granules in light micrscope
A
Nissl body
6
Q
Receives the information and brings it TOWARDS the cell body
A
Dendrites
7
Q
Propagates nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body
A
Axon
8
Q
Joins(lock) axon to cell body
A
Axon hillock
9
Q
Plasma membrane of axons
A
Axolemma
10
Q
Outer covering sheath of myelinated axons
A
Neurolemma
11
Q
Side(lateral) branches of axon
A
Axon collaterals
12
Q
Benign tumor of Schwann cells (myelin)
A
Schwannoma / Neurilemmoma
13
Q
Diseases with neurilemmoma, cafe-au-lait, Crowe’s freckles in the axila, Lisch nodules in the iris.
A
Neurofibromatosis type I
14
Q
Other name for Neurofibromatosis type I
A
Von recklinghausen’s disease of the skin
15
Q
4 features of Neurofibromatosis type I
A
🔹Neurilemmoma
🔹Cafe-au-lait
🔹Crowe’s freckles
🔹Lisch nodules
16
Q
What is the point from which nerve impulses arise
A
Trigger zone
17
Q
What is the site of communication of two neurons or between neurons and effector cells
A
Synapse
18
Q
What part of the brain can you find the specialized neurons called PURKINJE cells
A
Cerebellum
19
Q
What part of the brain can you find the specialized neurons called PYRAMIDAL cells
A
Cerebrum
20
Q
“Afferent” ; towards CNS
A
Sensory neurons
21
Q
“Efferent” ; Away from CNS to effectors or muscles/glands
A
Motor neurons
22
Q
“Association” ; connect afferent and efferent neurons
A
Interneurons
23
Q
Supporting cells of the nervous system
A
Neuroglia
24
Q
Glial cells are deprived from
A
Neural crest cells
25
2 cells derived from the neural crest cells
Glial cells
| Melanocytes
26
Star shaped CNS neuroglia
Astrocytes
27
Largest and most numerous CNS neuroglia found near blood vessels
Astrocytes
28
CNS neuroglia that forms the BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIERS
Astrocytes
29
CNS neuroglia that forms the myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
30
Macrophage of the brain
Microglia
31
Cells lining the VENTRICLES of the brain
Ependymal cells
32
CNS neuroglia that produces CSF
Ependymal cells
33
Forms the BLOOD-CSF-BARRIER
Ependymal cells
34
Cells that forms the BLOOD-TESTES-BARRIER
Sertoli cells
35
Group of Ependymal cells are called
Choroid plexus
36
Part of brain which produces CSF are called
Ventricles
37
CSF came from: (*3 possible sa BQ*)
Ependymal cells
Choroid plexus
Ventricles
38
What structures reabsorbs CSF
Arachnoid villi
39
What is the function of CSF
Cushion
Shock absorber
Protects brain
40
What are the GAPS between myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
41
What type of nerve conduction is seen in MYELINATED axons
Saltatory conduction (Leaping = faster)
42
Type of conduction in UNMYELINATED axons
Continuous conduction
43
Largest ventricle of the brain
Lateral ventricle
44
What Le fort is most common to produce CSF Rhinorrhea
Le Fort II (sa boards*)
45
Forms the myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells
46
Participates in AXON REGENERATION
Schwann cells
47
Other names for Le fort I (3)
✔️Transverse MAXILLARY fracture
✔️Horizontal fracture of Maxilla
✔️Guerin's fracture
48
TRANSVERSE fracture
Le fort III
49
Pyramidal fracture
Le fort II
50
During development of embryo optic placodes that forms the eyes are on the lateral sides: do eyes migrate to the center?
No, there's enlargement of forebrain
51
Treatment for Skeletal class II patients
Le fort I
52
Treatment for Crouzon's syndrome or Craniofacial dysostosis 🐸
Intentional Le fort III
53
Frog face 🐸
Crouzon's syndrome or Craniofacial dysostosis
54
2 presentations of Le fort III
✔️Racoon eyes / Panda eyes 🐼
| ✔️Battle's sign (Mastoid ecchymosis)
55
Mastid ecchymosis
Battle's sign in Le fort III
56
Diff dx of Le fort III fracture; presented with racoon eyes and battle's sign also
Basilar fracture
57
Fracture of cranial base
Basilar fracture
58
CSF pathway
Lateral ventricle > interventricular foramen > 3rd ventricle > Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius > 4th ventricle
4th ventricle > Foramen Magendie (midline) > Subarachnoid space
4th ventricle > Foramen Luschka (L/R) > Subarachnoid space
*mneumonic: "Little Infant Try Crying For Food Sorry"
59
Temporary storage site of CSF
Subarachnoid space
60
What foramen when 4th ventricle passes the midline
Foramen of Magendie
61
Lateral aperture of 4th ventricle
Foramen of Luschka
62
Least severe nerve injury: damage of MYELIN SHEATH resulting to temporary loss of nerve function but reversible
Neuropraxia
63
Nerve injuries that are capable of regeneration
🔹Neuropraxia
| 🔹Axonotmesis
64
Nerve injury WITHOUT wallerian degeneration
Neuropraxia
65
Nerve injuries WITH wallerian degeneration
🔹Axonotmesis
| 🔹Neurotmesis
66
Nerve injury NOT CAPABLE of regenerating (rate: nerve grafts can be used)
Neurotmesis
67
Damage of AXON and MYELIN SHEATH
Axonotmesis
68
Most severe nerve injury.
| Damage of EPI/PERI/ENDONEURIUM
Neurotmesis
69
What part of the nerve is degenerated in axonotmesis
Distal segment of axon
70
Outermost layer of axon
Epineurium
71
Middle layer of axon
Perineurium
72
Innermost layer of axon
Endoneurium
73
Average nerve regeneration
1.0 - 1.5mm/day
74
PNS neuroglia that provides structural support
Satellite cells
75
Largest nerve fiber
A fibers
76
Smallest nerve fiber
C fibers
77
Nerve fiber with FASTEST nerve conduction
A fibers
78
Nerve fiber with SLOWEST nerve conduction
C fibers
79
Myelinated nerve fibers
A and B fibers
80
Unmyelinated nerve fiber
C fibers
81
Specific nerve fiber for touch
A beta fibers
82
Specific nerve fiber for FAST SHARP PAIN
"Dolor = Pain"
A-Delta
83
Nerve fibers for sensations from Visceral organs
"Visceral = "V" = "B"
B fibers
84
Nerve fibers for SLOW DULL PAIN
C fibers
85
Neurotransmitters that CREATES action potential; allows entry of Ca+ions (Na+)
Excitatory nt
86
Neurotransmitters that PREVENT action potential; allows entry of Anions (Cl-)
Inhibitory nt
87
What type of nt is DOPAMINE (mood)
Excitatory nt
88
What type of nt is Dopamine in motor neurons
Inhibitory nt
89
5 examples of EXCITATORY nt
"GADoNS"
```
Glutamate
Ach
Dopamine (mood)
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
```
90
4 examples of inhibitory nt
Melatonin
Dopamine (motor)
Glycine
GABA
91
Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
92
3 ways for REMOVAL or inactivation of Neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft
Diffusion
Enzymatic degradation
Reuptake by cells
93
Breaks down Ach
Acetylcholinesterase
94
Breaks down monoamines
Catecholamine enzymes
95
Excessive Dopamine and Serotonin
Schizophrenia
96
Drug of choice for Schizophrenia
Antipsychotic drugs
97
Side effect of antipsychotic drugs
Tardive dyskinesia
98
Reduced DOPAMINE
Parkinson's disease
99
4 drugs in tx Parkinson's
✔️Levadopa
✔️Stimulants (DoNES)
✔️Anticholinergic
✔️MAO-I
100
Abnormal synchronous electrical discharge from neurons; Most common cause is brain damage at birth
Epilepsy
101
Abnormal firing of neurons = tremors
Seizure
102
Absence seizure (no tremors)
Petitmal seizure
103
Drug of choice for epilepsy
Antiepileptic drugs:
🔹Benzodiazepines - Diazepam (Valium)
🔹Diphenylhydantoin - Phenytoin (Dilantin sodium)
104
Side effect of phenytoin or dilantin sodium
Gingival hyperplasia
105
Drugs that alters reaction to local irritants like Calculus resulting to GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
✔️Phenytoin/Dilantin sodium
✔️Hormonal pills
✔️Nifedipine (amlodipine:hypertension)
✔️Cyclosporins
106
Tx for gingival hyperplasia
Gingivectomy
107
Malignant tumor of the adrenal glands
Neuroblastoma
108
Destruction of myelin sheath in the CNS
Multiple sclerosis
109
Destruction of myelin sheath in PNS
Guillan-Bare syndrome (GBS-PNS)
110
Degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord resulting to muscle weakness and atrophy - Motor neurons: movement = Paralysis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
111
Other name of ALS
Lou Gehrig's disease
112
COD of pxs with ALS/Lou Gehrig's disease
Respiratory depression - because of degenration of motor neurons in Diaphragm
113
Loss of hearing due to aging.
| "Hearing After 40s"
Presbycusis
114
Loss of visual acuity due to aging.
| "Vision after 40s"
Presbyopia
115
Reduced salivary production/reduced amylase
Aptyalia
116
Dry mouth
Xerostomia
117
Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia
118
Absence of muscle coordination
Ataxia
119
Inability to speak and comprehend words
Aphasia
120
Loss of smell sensations (damage to CN I)
Anosmia
121
Blind (damage to CN II)
Anopia
122
Abnormal fixation of eyes (damage: CN 3/4/6)
Strabismus
123
Pupil inwards
Esotropia
124
Pupil outwards
Exotropia
125
Vision is above the pupil
Hypertropia
126
Vision is below the pupil
Hypotropia
127
Double vision (damaged CN IV)
Diplopia
128
Sharp pain (damaged CN V)
Tic douloureux
129
Doc for tic douloureux/trigeminal neuralgia
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
130
Damage to CN VII
Bell's palsy
131
Wandering eye (damaged: CN 3/4/6/8)
Nystagmus
132
Dizziness; rotating environment (damaged to CN VIII)
Vertigo
133
Ringing of the ear (damaged CN VIII)
Tinnitus
134
Loss of taste sensation (damage to CN 7/9/10)
Ageusia
135
Drooping eyelid
Ptosis
136
Downward and retraction of tongue; may cause airway obstruction
Glossoptosis
137
Difficulty in speaking
Dysarthria
138
Tachycardia and dysphagia - damage in what CN?
CN X
139
Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius paralysis - damage to what nerve?
Damage to CN XI
