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DBE Reviewer > 8.1 Nervous System (Histology/Injuries/Disorders) > Flashcards

8.1 Nervous System (Histology/Injuries/Disorders) Flashcards

1
Q

Functional unit of brain

A

Neuron

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2
Q

3 parts of neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

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3
Q

Cell body is aka (2)

A

Perikaryon / SOMA

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4
Q

Wear and tear pigment.

Yellowish granules found in Aging cells

A

Lipofuschin / Lipochrome

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5
Q

What are the clusters of RER that looks granules in light micrscope

A

Nissl body

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6
Q

Receives the information and brings it TOWARDS the cell body

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Propagates nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body

A

Axon

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8
Q

Joins(lock) axon to cell body

A

Axon hillock

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9
Q

Plasma membrane of axons

A

Axolemma

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10
Q

Outer covering sheath of myelinated axons

A

Neurolemma

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11
Q

Side(lateral) branches of axon

A

Axon collaterals

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12
Q

Benign tumor of Schwann cells (myelin)

A

Schwannoma / Neurilemmoma

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13
Q

Diseases with neurilemmoma, cafe-au-lait, Crowe’s freckles in the axila, Lisch nodules in the iris.

A

Neurofibromatosis type I

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14
Q

Other name for Neurofibromatosis type I

A

Von recklinghausen’s disease of the skin

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15
Q

4 features of Neurofibromatosis type I

A

🔹Neurilemmoma
🔹Cafe-au-lait
🔹Crowe’s freckles
🔹Lisch nodules

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16
Q

What is the point from which nerve impulses arise

A

Trigger zone

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17
Q

What is the site of communication of two neurons or between neurons and effector cells

A

Synapse

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18
Q

What part of the brain can you find the specialized neurons called PURKINJE cells

A

Cerebellum

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19
Q

What part of the brain can you find the specialized neurons called PYRAMIDAL cells

A

Cerebrum

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20
Q

“Afferent” ; towards CNS

A

Sensory neurons

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21
Q

“Efferent” ; Away from CNS to effectors or muscles/glands

A

Motor neurons

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22
Q

“Association” ; connect afferent and efferent neurons

A

Interneurons

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23
Q

Supporting cells of the nervous system

A

Neuroglia

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24
Q

Glial cells are deprived from

A

Neural crest cells

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25
Q

2 cells derived from the neural crest cells

A

Glial cells

Melanocytes

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26
Q

Star shaped CNS neuroglia

A

Astrocytes

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27
Q

Largest and most numerous CNS neuroglia found near blood vessels

A

Astrocytes

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28
Q

CNS neuroglia that forms the BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIERS

A

Astrocytes

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29
Q

CNS neuroglia that forms the myelin sheath in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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30
Q

Macrophage of the brain

A

Microglia

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31
Q

Cells lining the VENTRICLES of the brain

A

Ependymal cells

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32
Q

CNS neuroglia that produces CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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33
Q

Forms the BLOOD-CSF-BARRIER

A

Ependymal cells

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34
Q

Cells that forms the BLOOD-TESTES-BARRIER

A

Sertoli cells

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35
Q

Group of Ependymal cells are called

A

Choroid plexus

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36
Q

Part of brain which produces CSF are called

A

Ventricles

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37
Q

CSF came from: (3 possible sa BQ)

A

Ependymal cells
Choroid plexus
Ventricles

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38
Q

What structures reabsorbs CSF

A

Arachnoid villi

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39
Q

What is the function of CSF

A

Cushion
Shock absorber
Protects brain

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40
Q

What are the GAPS between myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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41
Q

What type of nerve conduction is seen in MYELINATED axons

A

Saltatory conduction (Leaping = faster)

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42
Q

Type of conduction in UNMYELINATED axons

A

Continuous conduction

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43
Q

Largest ventricle of the brain

A

Lateral ventricle

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44
Q

What Le fort is most common to produce CSF Rhinorrhea

A

Le Fort II (sa boards*)

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45
Q

Forms the myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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46
Q

Participates in AXON REGENERATION

A

Schwann cells

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47
Q

Other names for Le fort I (3)

A

✔️Transverse MAXILLARY fracture
✔️Horizontal fracture of Maxilla
✔️Guerin’s fracture

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48
Q

TRANSVERSE fracture

A

Le fort III

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49
Q

Pyramidal fracture

A

Le fort II

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50
Q

During development of embryo optic placodes that forms the eyes are on the lateral sides: do eyes migrate to the center?

A

No, there’s enlargement of forebrain

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51
Q

Treatment for Skeletal class II patients

A

Le fort I

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52
Q

Treatment for Crouzon’s syndrome or Craniofacial dysostosis 🐸

A

Intentional Le fort III

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53
Q

Frog face 🐸

A

Crouzon’s syndrome or Craniofacial dysostosis

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54
Q

2 presentations of Le fort III

A

✔️Racoon eyes / Panda eyes 🐼

✔️Battle’s sign (Mastoid ecchymosis)

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55
Q

Mastid ecchymosis

A

Battle’s sign in Le fort III

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56
Q

Diff dx of Le fort III fracture; presented with racoon eyes and battle’s sign also

A

Basilar fracture

57
Q

Fracture of cranial base

A

Basilar fracture

58
Q

CSF pathway

A

Lateral ventricle > interventricular foramen > 3rd ventricle > Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius > 4th ventricle

4th ventricle > Foramen Magendie (midline) > Subarachnoid space
4th ventricle > Foramen Luschka (L/R) > Subarachnoid space

*mneumonic: “Little Infant Try Crying For Food Sorry”

59
Q

Temporary storage site of CSF

A

Subarachnoid space

60
Q

What foramen when 4th ventricle passes the midline

A

Foramen of Magendie

61
Q

Lateral aperture of 4th ventricle

A

Foramen of Luschka

62
Q

Least severe nerve injury: damage of MYELIN SHEATH resulting to temporary loss of nerve function but reversible

A

Neuropraxia

63
Q

Nerve injuries that are capable of regeneration

A

🔹Neuropraxia

🔹Axonotmesis

64
Q

Nerve injury WITHOUT wallerian degeneration

A

Neuropraxia

65
Q

Nerve injuries WITH wallerian degeneration

A

🔹Axonotmesis

🔹Neurotmesis

66
Q

Nerve injury NOT CAPABLE of regenerating (rate: nerve grafts can be used)

A

Neurotmesis

67
Q

Damage of AXON and MYELIN SHEATH

A

Axonotmesis

68
Q

Most severe nerve injury.

Damage of EPI/PERI/ENDONEURIUM

A

Neurotmesis

69
Q

What part of the nerve is degenerated in axonotmesis

A

Distal segment of axon

70
Q

Outermost layer of axon

A

Epineurium

71
Q

Middle layer of axon

A

Perineurium

72
Q

Innermost layer of axon

A

Endoneurium

73
Q

Average nerve regeneration

A

1.0 - 1.5mm/day

74
Q

PNS neuroglia that provides structural support

A

Satellite cells

75
Q

Largest nerve fiber

76
Q

Smallest nerve fiber

77
Q

Nerve fiber with FASTEST nerve conduction

78
Q

Nerve fiber with SLOWEST nerve conduction

79
Q

Myelinated nerve fibers

A

A and B fibers

80
Q

Unmyelinated nerve fiber

81
Q

Specific nerve fiber for touch

A

A beta fibers

82
Q

Specific nerve fiber for FAST SHARP PAIN

A

“Dolor = Pain”

A-Delta

83
Q

Nerve fibers for sensations from Visceral organs

A

“Visceral = “V” = “B”

B fibers

84
Q

Nerve fibers for SLOW DULL PAIN

85
Q

Neurotransmitters that CREATES action potential; allows entry of Ca+ions (Na+)

A

Excitatory nt

86
Q

Neurotransmitters that PREVENT action potential; allows entry of Anions (Cl-)

A

Inhibitory nt

87
Q

What type of nt is DOPAMINE (mood)

A

Excitatory nt

88
Q

What type of nt is Dopamine in motor neurons

A

Inhibitory nt

89
Q

5 examples of EXCITATORY nt

A

“GADoNS”

Glutamate
Ach
Dopamine (mood)
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
90
Q

4 examples of inhibitory nt

A

Melatonin
Dopamine (motor)
Glycine
GABA

91
Q

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)

92
Q

3 ways for REMOVAL or inactivation of Neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

A

Diffusion
Enzymatic degradation
Reuptake by cells

93
Q

Breaks down Ach

A

Acetylcholinesterase

94
Q

Breaks down monoamines

A

Catecholamine enzymes

95
Q

Excessive Dopamine and Serotonin

A

Schizophrenia

96
Q

Drug of choice for Schizophrenia

A

Antipsychotic drugs

97
Q

Side effect of antipsychotic drugs

A

Tardive dyskinesia

98
Q

Reduced DOPAMINE

A

Parkinson’s disease

99
Q

4 drugs in tx Parkinson’s

A

✔️Levadopa
✔️Stimulants (DoNES)
✔️Anticholinergic
✔️MAO-I

100
Q

Abnormal synchronous electrical discharge from neurons; Most common cause is brain damage at birth

101
Q

Abnormal firing of neurons = tremors

102
Q

Absence seizure (no tremors)

A

Petitmal seizure

103
Q

Drug of choice for epilepsy

A

Antiepileptic drugs:
🔹Benzodiazepines - Diazepam (Valium)
🔹Diphenylhydantoin - Phenytoin (Dilantin sodium)

104
Q

Side effect of phenytoin or dilantin sodium

A

Gingival hyperplasia

105
Q

Drugs that alters reaction to local irritants like Calculus resulting to GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA

A

✔️Phenytoin/Dilantin sodium
✔️Hormonal pills
✔️Nifedipine (amlodipine:hypertension)
✔️Cyclosporins

106
Q

Tx for gingival hyperplasia

A

Gingivectomy

107
Q

Malignant tumor of the adrenal glands

A

Neuroblastoma

108
Q

Destruction of myelin sheath in the CNS

A

Multiple sclerosis

109
Q

Destruction of myelin sheath in PNS

A

Guillan-Bare syndrome (GBS-PNS)

110
Q

Degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord resulting to muscle weakness and atrophy - Motor neurons: movement = Paralysis

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

111
Q

Other name of ALS

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

112
Q

COD of pxs with ALS/Lou Gehrig’s disease

A

Respiratory depression - because of degenration of motor neurons in Diaphragm

113
Q

Loss of hearing due to aging.

“Hearing After 40s”

A

Presbycusis

114
Q

Loss of visual acuity due to aging.

“Vision after 40s”

A

Presbyopia

115
Q

Reduced salivary production/reduced amylase

116
Q

Dry mouth

A

Xerostomia

117
Q

Difficulty in swallowing

118
Q

Absence of muscle coordination

119
Q

Inability to speak and comprehend words

120
Q

Loss of smell sensations (damage to CN I)

121
Q

Blind (damage to CN II)

122
Q

Abnormal fixation of eyes (damage: CN 3/4/6)

A

Strabismus

123
Q

Pupil inwards

124
Q

Pupil outwards

125
Q

Vision is above the pupil

A

Hypertropia

126
Q

Vision is below the pupil

A

Hypotropia

127
Q

Double vision (damaged CN IV)

128
Q

Sharp pain (damaged CN V)

A

Tic douloureux

129
Q

Doc for tic douloureux/trigeminal neuralgia

A

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

130
Q

Damage to CN VII

A

Bell’s palsy

131
Q

Wandering eye (damaged: CN 3/4/6/8)

132
Q

Dizziness; rotating environment (damaged to CN VIII)

133
Q

Ringing of the ear (damaged CN VIII)

134
Q

Loss of taste sensation (damage to CN 7/9/10)

135
Q

Drooping eyelid

136
Q

Downward and retraction of tongue; may cause airway obstruction

A

Glossoptosis

137
Q

Difficulty in speaking

A

Dysarthria

138
Q

Tachycardia and dysphagia - damage in what CN?

139
Q

Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius paralysis - damage to what nerve?

A

Damage to CN XI

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