Religion and Reform Flashcards
Temperance
Organized campaign to eliminate alcoholic consumption
Abstinence
To refrain from doing something (drinking)
Temperance reformers valued a person’s _______ and ________.
Self control and discipline
Women saw drinking as what?
A threat to family life
The temperance movement led to the creation of _______ and ________.
Alcohol free hotels and boats
People joined temperance societies and did what?
Took pledges of abstinence
Name the main group of temperance societies and how many members there were.
The American Temperance Societies had 7000 members.
One state even banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol: which state and when?
Maine in 1851
In what years did alcoholic consumption drop drastically?
1830s to 1860s
In the 1820s, which classes demanded tax supported public schools?
Working and middle
Why did schools need reform?
School buildings were old, a classroom taught grades k-8, books were scarce, and teaching was inadequate
What MA government position was created as part of education reform and when?
First Secretary of the Board of Education in 1837
Horace Mann supported reforms in what?
Education
Horace Mann supported ____ to _____ public education
Taxes
Fund
What reforms did Horace Mann’s work lead to?
Schools were divided into grade levels, established consistent curricula, and teacher training
By the _____ most northern states had free public elementary schools
1850s
What was the nation’s first public high school and when was it established?
Boston Latin in 1821
What were McGuffey’s Readers?
Horace Mann supported the use of these textbooks that promoted Evangelical Protestant moral values because he wanted to teach good citizenship. It taught students to read and promoted honesty and obedience.
Where and for who were public schools?
Northern urban areas. Girls were discouraged from attending, and free Africans were excluded, but some attended segregated schools.
Dorothea Dix was a _____ reformer
Prison
Before she was a reformer, Dix was a what?
Former Boston school teacher
Dix visited a MA jail in ____
1841
Dix reported her findings from # years of prison visits to the _______.
2
MA legislature
What were the prisons like when Dix visited?
The mentally ill were filthy, malnourished, and chained together in very dirty cells.
How did MA improve prison conditions?
Created separate institutions for the mentally ill
How many states followed MA’s lead and reformed their prisons?
15
What are utopian societies?
Small societies dedicated to perfect social and political conditions
Describe New Harmony
Indiana
The Boatload of Knowledge
1825-1829
Created by Scottish industrialist and reformer Robert Owen
People shared property and lived in harmony
Established so members could pursue scientific studies without the stresses and obstacles of modern capitalist society
Failed due to laziness
Brook Farm
Near Boston, West Roxbury
The Transcendentalists
1841-1846
Secular
Attracted top intellectuals (Nathaniel Hawthorne)
Members farmed together to give more time for lit and sci interest that would benefit society
The Shakers
The Simple Life 1745 to modern day Numerous settlements across the US Now in Maine Important settlement in New Lebanon, NY in 1787 Religious settlement Community supported by furniture sales Productive labor, moral perfection, equality and separation of the sexes
Oneida
The complex marriage
Upstate NY
1848-1881
Everyone married to each other in a complex marriage
Community decided when to have children and cared for them after the first few years
Fruit lands
The Farm without farmers
Harvard, MA
1843-1844 (7 months)
Self sufficient farming
Strict rules: no meat, no animal labor, no drinks other than water, complete celibacy
Charles Lane and Bronson Alcott- founders not farmers
Which Beechers started what school?
Catherine and Mary
Hartford Female Seminary
Catherine Beecher was…
A teacher who believed in women’s education and that women could reform from within the home
The mother forms the character of the future man
What book did Catherine Beecher write?
Treatise on Domestic Economy
Offered practical advice and household tips
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Abolition was the prime means of women entering politics
She opened the eyes of Northerners in her abolitionist novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Lucretia Mott
In 1840, she and all other women attending were prohibited from participating in the first World Antislavery Convention in London
Teacher, Quaker minister, abolitionist
Organized Seneca Falls convention with Stanton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Daughter of a congressman, wife of an abolitionist lawyer
Organized SF convention with Mott
Wrote Declaration of Sentiments
What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
First rights convention for women
1848 Seneca Falls, NY
The Declaration of Sentiments
Set of resolutions by Stanton 12 resolutions passed, signed by 68 women and 32 men #9 suffrage was the most controversial
Women’s thoughts on equality
Not all women agreed, some still believed that women belonged at home
Religious revival movement
Reform rooted in faith
Promoted that God allowed people to make their own destinies
Charles Grandison Finney
Religious revival leader
1821: had a conversion experience and became a Presbyterian minister
Sparked revivals in upstate NY, the burned over district
Emphasized individuals’ power to reform themselves
Lyman Beecher
From NE, sought to evangelize west US
Attended Yale
Popular preacher in Boston
1832: President of Lane Theological Seminary (CT)
Taught that good people make a good country
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Boston leader, lecturer, writer, Unitarian pastor
Resigned to Concord after wife’s death
Gathered his lectures into 2 volumes called “Essays”
Supported reform causes
Henry David Thoreau
Wrote “Walden, or Life in the Woods” about the 2 year solitary stay at Walden Pond 1845
18 essays describing simple living experiment
Spoke tragedy in life , failure in early teaching job
1846: jailed for not paying taxes, described in essay “Civil Disobedience”
Immanuel Kant
German Philosopher who published his Critique of Pure Reason in 1841. He believed that reason needed to be balanced with emotion.
Timothy Dwight
President of Yale 1795
Countered secular thinking in Yale and NE with revivals. Started the Second Great Awakening: accepting Christ’s sacrifice=salvation
