Mid Year Flashcards
What are the Articles of Confederation?
Loose alliance of the 13 states in 1781 Adopted by the Continental Congress First national constitution One branch 9/13 states needed to pass a law
What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
Weak national govt Congress couldn't tax No common currency Now executive or judicial branch Only 1 vote per state, no matter the population
What were the Bill of Rights? (General)
First 10 amendments
Antifederalists felt it was needed to ensure rights
Amendment 1
Freedom of: Religion Speech Press Assembly Petition
Amendment 2
Right to bear arms
Amendment 3
Protection from quartering
Govt can’t put troops in citizens’ homes
Amendment 4
Protection from unreasonable search and seizure
Amendment 5
Rights in a criminal trial
Grand jury, due process, etc
Amendment 6
Swift and fair trial
Amendment 7
Jury trial in civil cases
Amendment 8
Protection from cruel and unusual punishment
Amendment 9
Rights beyond those listed
Amendment 10
All power not given to the federal govt is the states’ and citizens’
What were the Federalist Papers?
85 newspaper essays supporting the Constitution.
John Jay got sick after writing five. James Madison wrote 29. Hamilton wrote the other 51!!!
Who were the Antifederalists?
Opponents of ratification of the Constitution because they felt it weakened the states. Needed a Bill of Rights. Worried the President was like a king. Patrick Henry, George Mason
Who were the Federalists?
Supporters of Constitution, favored strong govt. Madison, Hamilton, Jay
Constitutional Government
A government whose power is set up by a constitution
Presidential powers
Commander of chief Signs or vetoes legislation Choose Supreme Court judges Selects Cabinet Negotiates with other countries
Popular sovereignty
The people chose to be governed and and the government get its power from the people.
Separation of powers
Each branch has its own area of authority, but not complete power over the govt. Checks and balances. Legislative makes the laws. Executive carries out the laws. Judicial interprets the law.
Limited power
The government’s power is limited by the laws set and the Constitution
Lewis and Clark Expedition (general and dates)
Congress financed President Jefferson’s idea to send Meriweather Lewis and William Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory. Hired interpreters Sacajawea and husband. Spring 1804-September 1806.
Goals of the Lewis and Clark expedition
Discover river routes to Pacific, Native Americans, and natural resources.
Why did Madison ask Congress to declare war?
Impressment
British harassed US trade
British encouraged native warfare
War of 1812
Natives mainly sided with Brits
US had small army and navy, outnumbered 20 to 1
US planned to quickly invade and strike Canada, but Britain came south and blockaded the coast
Land victories of the War of 1812
Harrison defeated the Brits/natives/Tecumseh at the Battle of Thames
Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek and forced them to sign Treaty of Fort Jackson to give up land in AL and southern GA
War of 1812- Naval
US Constitution (Old Ironsides), the Wasp, the United States
Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry defeated Brits on Lake Erie
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814
Ended War of 1812
Reps met in Belgium
Restored old territory boundaries, didn’t resolve problems that started war
Hamilton’s financial plan
- US govt would pay all federal and state debts (South disliked, passed)
- Charter a national bank (Jefferson disliked, passed)
- Impose high tax on imports (South disliked, didn’t pass)
Whiskey Rebellion
Congress taxed whiskey
Farmers made money by turning corn into whiskey
1794: farmers in West Pennbur Ed tax collector’s home and closed the courts
Washington gathered army to dissolve rebellion
Election of 1800
Jefferson or Buuurrrrrr!
Both Democratic Republicans, tied
Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson
House elected Jefferson
Who was John Marshall?
Adams’ midnight judge appointment to Chief Justice. Helped establish important principles of common law.
Who, why, what next?
Dartmouth College vs Woodward
Dartmouth Board of Trustees, Woodward treasurer of NH, NH legislature, Chief Justice John Marshall
NH passed legislation to make Dartmouth public. Woodward received the school’s papers. Trustees wanted it to remain private.
Marshall ruled that Dartmouth’s charter of incorporation was a contract , so NH couldn’t interfere according to the Constitution’s contract clause.
Who, why, what next?
McCulloch vs. Maryland
James McCulloch cashier at the Baltimore branch of National Bank, Maryland govt, John Marshall
MD opposed National Bank, so it imposed a tax on Baltimore branch operations. McCulloch didn’t pay tax when he issued bank notes.
Necessary and proper clause gives Congress implied power to charter a bank. State can’t tax federal institution because it would interfere with supreme federal law
Who, why, what next?
Gibbons vs Ogden
Aaron Ogden and his state license, Thomas Gibbons and his federal license, NY govt, federal govt, John Marshall
Ogden had NY license for NY to NJ ferry, Gibbons had a federal license for a competing ferry. Ogden said Gibbons was infringing on monopoly rights, received a court order to stop him, Gibbons appealed.
Federal govt is allowed to make this ruling according to the commerce clause because it’s inter state. According to supremacy clause, Gibbons federal license wins.
XYZ Affair
Adams sent 3 people to France. Agents X, Y, and Z demanded $250,000 and $10 million loan before meeting with French foreign minister. America said no, went home, the public (especially Federalists) was angry at France and wanted a war. Undeclared naval war until Napoleon comes to power.
Jeffersonian/Democratic Republicans
People have power, strong state govt, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation, Pro-French, opposed National Bank and high tariff
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic Republican 1800 5 L's: 1) less army 2) less taxes 3) less government 4) Louisiana Purchase 5) Lewis and Clark
Washington’s Farewell Address
Set a precedent for future presidents. Advice for influencing the future of the government. Warned against political parties, don’t get entangled in Euro affairs.
Louisiana Purchase
James Monroe and Robert Livingston were sent to buy New Orleans with a budget of $10 million. Napoleon, after being unable to crush Haitian rebellion and deciding to leave North America, decided he wanted to sell all of Louisiana and they offered $15 million
French Revolution
Reign of Terror: thousands executed. France wanted America to help, America wanted to stay neutral. France is also at war with Britain: both wanted US help.
Market Revolution
Change in way people made, bought, and sold goods. Northern businesses turn to manufacturing. Water powered machines in mills and factories. Centralization in factories increased production. Specialization- each worker performs just one part of the production process. Banking expands with bank notes
Industrial Revolution
Starts with Samuel Slater secretly bringing what he knows as a British textile management apprentice to US.
Ongoing effort to increase production using machines instead of humans/animals.
Watt=steam engine
Whitney=cotton gin, interchangeable parts
North vs. South economies
North= manufacturing, leads to urban cities South= agriculture, enhanced by new tech
Lowell Mills
Thriving industrial center. Young unmarried women worked for $3.25 for a 72 hour work week, half a man’s pay. $1.25 room and board per week.
Francis Cabot Lowell’s mill in Waltham was first truly centralized textile factory.
Cotton gin
Removed seeds from raw cotton fibers. Patented in 1794. 1 laborer could do one pound a day. 1 gin could do one thousand pounds a day.
1) huge profits, exports rose 6000%
2) became planters’ major crop
3) settled in AL, LA, MS and TX for more farmland
4) more slavery
Transcontinental Railroad
Railway from coast to coast, paid for by federal government. National network to strengthen economic infrastructure
Transportation Revolution
Roads, railroads, rivers, canals
- Cumberland Road- National Road, real highway, MD to OH
- Baltimore and Ohio Railroad- more goods faster, postal service expanded
- Erie Canal- linked Atlantic with Great Lakes, helped grow NYC
Nullification crisis
Tariff of 1828: heavy tax on imports placed before Jackson’s presidency. SC believed they had the right to nullify.
1832 tariff: SC threatened to secede, Jackson urged Force Bill to make it difficult to block tariff and threatened with troops. Calmed by Henry Clay’s compromise.
Monroe Doctrine
Foreign policy in yearly address to Congress
- No involvement in internal affairs of European countries
- Recognized existing colonies and states in Western Hemisphere and wouldn’t interfere
- US would not allow further colonization in Western Hemisphere
- If Euro tried to interfere it would be viewed as hostile
Andrew Jackson
Old Hickory was a tough, wild TN slaveowner who was known for War of 1812 victories. Opponents thought of him as a poorly educated, ill tempered rough neck. Won in 1828. Supported limited government.
Spoils system
Patronage
Jackson took jobs from one party and gave to his supporters. Defended himself by saying that any intelligent person could govern, not just the wealthy.
Indian Removal Act
1830 passed at Jackson’s urging. Authorized president to give natives land in LA in exchange for fertile land taken from them in East. Five civilized tribes refused to move, forcibly relocated.
Trail of Tears
1833: US army took 15000 Cherokees on 116-day forced march west to Oklahoma Territory. Troops refused to let them rest. One of every four died
American System
Henry Clay
Economic developments and protective tariffs to encourage business growth. Build roads, canals, bridges, lighthouses, universities, etc. promoted by JQA and Clay, blocked by Jacksonians
American Colonization Society
1817 program to send free Africans and emancipated slaves back to Africa. Established Liberia in 1822 to send them to. Founded by Jehudi Ashman (white)
Harriet Tubman
Most famous conductor for Underground Railroad
Black Moses
Rescued 300 slaves
Garrison
Radical abolitionist and white Bostonian
Wanted to end slavery immediately
1831: The Liberator newspaper
American Anti Slavery Society
Frederick Douglass
Leader, speaker, writer, former slave
Illegally learned to read, survived a space breaker, escaped to MA in 1838.
Amazing speech at convention led to work with American Anti Slavery Convention
“Life and Times of…” And “The North Star” newspaper
David Walker
Free black man who bought clothes from sailors returning to port and put his pamphlet Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in the pockets and resold them
Slaves rights
Didn’t have them, slave codes (laws) made sure of that. No ownership, witness against a white person, no reading or writing
Slave resistance
Ran away, slowed down, avoided work, broke tools, pretended not to understand
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
31 y/o preacher led revolt in 1831. Led 70 slaves killing 50 white peoples on farms in VA. Whites killed 120 random Africans in response, tightened restrictions, VA hanged 20 slaves
Underground Railroad
Network of escape routes and safe stops to escape to freedom led by conductors or guides.
Elijah P Lovejoy
Edited St. Louis observer
Called for grad emancipation
Nov 7 1837: rioters attacked his building and shot and killed him
Martin Delany
One of the first Africans to graduate from Harvard med. founded newspaper “The Mystery,” criticized white abolitionists, supported colonization
Sojourner Truth
Freed in 1827
Abolitionist and women’s rights activist
Traveled extensively as a lecturer
Wrote the Narrative of
Sarah Grimke
Epistle to the Clergy of Southern states
Angelina Grimke
An Appeal to Christian Women of the South: enlisting women
Benjamin Lundy
- abolitionist Quaker
- started an antislavery newspaper in Ohio called “The Genius of Universal Emancipation” in 1821
- end us slave trade, gradual abolition
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