Religion

Question 1

What are the seven sacraments?

Answer 1

1) Baptism
2) Penance
3) Eucharist
4) Confirmation
5) Marriage
6) Anointing of sick
7) Holy orders

Question 2

What was the parish church central to?

Answer 2

Religious experience

Question 3

What did the church believe?

Answer 3

Prayers made the community come together. More powerful as a group rather than as an individual.

Question 4

What did the church provide?

Answer 4

A framework for controlling how an individual thought, reasoned and behaved.

Question 5

What was the function of the parish church?

Answer 5

Spread and uphold Christian teaching and offer various ways by which someone gained grace to reach heaven and reduce time spent in purgatory.

Question 6

What would the Priest perform?

Answer 6

He would perform the sacrament of Holy Communion (Eucharist) wherein the Priest consecrated bread and wine. The priest would eat the bread and drink the wine while lay members of the congregation took the bread only. (mass)

Question 7

What did Catholics believe?

Answer 7

Bread and wine were transformed figuratively and literally into the body and blood of Jesus. (Transubstantiation)

Question 8

Why was Mass important?

Answer 8

It was a sacrifice performed by the priest on behalf of the community. it was a sacred ritual.

Question 9

What is Corpus Christi?

Answer 9

Important festivals of the 15th Century. The importance of the consecrated bread was highlighted.

Question 10

How many adult males were monks by 1500?

Answer 10

1%. They lived under the role of monasteries and lived in one of 900 religious communities.

Question 11

What was the eldest and most common religious order?

Answer 11

The Benedictines (of St Benedict) which devised the monastic rule.

Question 12

What did the large Benedictines houses fulfil?

Answer 12

One house was Durham. Fulfilled an important role in the community. Operated as the cathedral church of their diocese.

Question 13

What were the other religious orders?

Answer 13

Cistercians and Carthusians. these were foundations in the late 11th century which was prompted by the lack of zeal shown by the Benedictines.

Question 14

Where were the monasteries situated? (The Cistercians and Carthusians)

Answer 14

Remote rural areas (Yorkshire houses of Fountains and Mount Grace)

Question 15

Where did monastic recruits come from?

Answer 15

All types of social background.

Question 16

Where did the large proportion of monks come from?

Answer 16

wealthier parts of society

Question 17

What does evidence suggest that monks were recruited from?

Answer 17

Mainly from localities.

Question 18

What is a friar?

Answer 18

A religious brother who worked among lay people and was largely supported by charitable donations. they arose in the 13th century.

Question 19

What were the 3 main orders of the friar?

Answer 19

1) Dominicans (preaching order) + black friars
2) Franciscans (grey friars). Recruited from lower down the social scale.
3) Augustinians

Question 20

What happened to friars by the end of the 15th century?

Answer 20

They were over but various orders of friars continued to receive substantial bequests in wills.

Question 21

What was chantry?

Answer 21

Building for ppl to sing and pray for souls of the dead. financed from property left in someone’s will.

Question 22

How was individual religious experience emphasised?

Answer 22

Through writings of mystics. Believed in personal communication with God. (Lady Margaret Beaufort’s piety was reflected in widespread donations to Cambridge Uni.

Question 23

What were the roles of lay people?

Answer 23

1) they gave money to their parish churches for rebuilding.

2) Paid objects which accompanied services.

Question 24

What did dying mean to the parish church?

Answer 24

it would leave money to the church to:

1) enhance the beauty of worship
2) ensure remembrance of the benefactor
3) reduce time spent in purgatory

Question 25

What is a confraternity?

Answer 25

A group of men (or women) in association with parish church to provide for the funeral costs of members, pay chaplains for Masses, maintain church fabrics and charitable donations and to socialise.

Question 26

How popular were guilds?

Answer 26

They were very popular and varied in size and wealth. Wealthier guilds gave local patronage and power.

Question 27

What is pilgrimage?

Answer 27

Another way in which someone would gain relief from purgatory. Visiting the tomb of a saint. (Thomas Becket at Canterbury) or a shrine built where they had been a reported sighting of the Virgin Mary, like Walsingham in Norfolk.

Question 28

What did the simpler form of pilgrimage entail?

Answer 28

The whole community would ‘beat the bounds’ of the parish by carrying banners and parish cross to ward off evil spirits. Happened on Rogation Sunday.

Question 29

What is heresy?

Answer 29

Going against the established religions of the country.

Question 30

When was Lollardy founded and what is it?

Answer 30

Founded by John Wycliffe and came about in the second 1/2 of the 14th century. Lollards emphasised the understanding of the Bible. Favoured the translation into English. Considered heresy

Question 31

What were Lollards unsure about it?

Answer 31

Transubstantiation and the principles of the Eucharist.

Question 32

What was the Catholic Church to the Lollards?

Answer 32

corrupt. They denied any special status of the priesthood.

Question 33

What happened to the popularity of Lollardy?

Answer 33

it declined as a result of a failed uprising in 1414.

Question 34

What was introduced in 1401?

Answer 34

The burning of heretics which had been introduced by English law though relatively few suffered this punishment.

Question 35

Was anti-clericalism widespread?

Answer 35

Yes. But Christopher Haigh argues that specific bursts of anti-clericalism were rare.