Relational Influences Flashcards

Question

What is the altruistic biological basis?

Answer 1

Survival of the human species depends on helping others. Tendency could be innate, instinctive and inborn. The tendency to help family members and close friends rather than strangers to help further familial gene pool is a consideration by researchers (although not seen as a real cause of altruism).

Answer 2

Praise and re-enforcement of positive behaviour leads to behaviour change towards altruistic behaviours.

Answer 3

An explicit instruction of how to behave leads to changes in behaviour towards altruistic behaviours/

Answer 4

Children observe others act positively towards others - this leads to replication of positive, altruistic behaviours.

Answer 5

Child help others with increasing regularity. This is also affected by family exptectations

Answer 6

Element of altruistic behaviour | The ability to identify with and understand another person's feelings - it takes the perspectives of others.

Answer 7

Affective - is biological in nature, it appears in fancy - predisposition to react emotionally to others. Cognitive - are learned behaviours that are built by observing others and by interacting with others positively.

Answer 8

Personal Variables - some reasons why people might not act altruistically toward others: - Possible lack of empathy to others. - Feel adequate (or unqualified) for the task. (Might not know the person in trouble or distress) Situation Variables - Location has been found to impact how people behave. e.g - might be more prepared to help those on a main street during the day rather than a side street at night. Country people are more likely to help someone, than city folk. - Baron & Byrne (1991) suggests that this is due to the feeling of community and personal relationships between people. Social Variables - In a group are less likely to help a person in need quickly - they think others will intervene first. Bystander effect - presence of others reduces likelihood of pro-social behaviour

Answer 9

Bystander Effect is due to 'diffusion of responsibility' - If a person is alone they accept responsibility to help, when others are present they all assume that others will take it up, so they don't/

Answer 10

The type of behaviour is intentional and is aimed at hurting or causing distress to others. Ranges from mild (yelling, swearing etc) to severe (causing physical harm, arson, etc).

Answer 11

Negative behaviour Bullying intends to hurt recipient Can be - physical hitting, offensive gestures, intimidation, verbal insult and name-calling.

Answer 12

Biological Basis - Possible links to brain structure or changes to the brain - Amygdala plays a role in aggression - tumours on it affects people's behaviour. - Serotonin - lowered levels of serotonin has been linked to increases in violent behaviour Learned Behaviour - Social Norms - in some groups, anti-social behaviour is accepted and encouraged. - Direct Teaching - parents, friends and significant others teach aggression to children. - Observation - children view others being violent, and copy behaviours. - Direct Re-enforcement - pay-off for the antisocial act - like increasing social standing Attribution & Personality - Different reactions to same event - based on timing and intent Example - accidentally tripping a person up versus deliberately tripping a person with the intent to harm them, or cause them embarrassment.

Answer 13

Anderson & Bushman (2001) - Exposure to violent games increased aggressive thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Carnagey et al. (2006) - Desensitises people to real violence, with increased tendencies towards violence.

Answer 14

Introduced in the 1990s (WA schools) (used in justice systems for years prior to that). Involves a mediator. The approach has led to LOWER suspension rates, and INCREASES respect and pro-social behaviour.

Answer 15

To make people aware of the impact of their behaviour | Take responsibility of their actions and take steps to put things right.