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Psychology ATAR > Others: Social Psych > Flashcards

Others: Social Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Group

A

2 or more people who interact with and influence each other for more than a short period of time.

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2
Q

Social norms

A

Standards that govern what is expected in society and in social situations

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3
Q

Social Roles

A

Activities taken on by individuals for the benefit of the group

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4
Q

Social Status

A

Roles in groups that are deemed to be more important than others.

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5
Q

Self-Concept

A

Our definition - who we consider ourselves to be

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6
Q

Social Identity

A

Part of our self-concept that is based on membership in particular groups

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7
Q

Socially Dependent

A

Part in the group where they rely on each other for emotional outcomes, feelings of belonging and social identity

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8
Q

Task Dependent

A

Part in the group where they have to work together to complete a collective task successfully.

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9
Q

Competition

A

Refers to when people try to gain an advantage over another, either by gaining more resources, accessing resources, by out doing the other person or group.

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10
Q

Cooperation

A

Requires a commitment to a common goal and to the process of achieving that goal to ensure each member receives an appropriate share of the rewards or benefits

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11
Q

Deindividuation

A

Abandoning theusualboundaries in order to participate in crowds or group behaviour.
Leads to diminished sense of social responsibility

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12
Q

Characteristics of Groups

A

There is extended interaction between people
There is a set of shared common goals
Meet/gather regularly
Is composed of member who identify with it and work towards the achievement of its goals.

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13
Q

Isko etal. (1988) - Group Studies

A

They studied group dynamics using students
Put students in groups of 3
They had them playing different games, where they changed the conditions of the games and interactions of the participants.

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14
Q

What were the 3 main changes in the Isko’s (1988) group studies?

A

Interdependence - couldn’t see each other
Discussion - talked about the game together
Consensus - had to reach total agreement in order to play game

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15
Q

What were the results in Isko’s (1988) group studies?

A

The ‘Consensus’ group acted more like a real group than the others, because of the level of participation, and the defined goal of the group.

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16
Q

What did Tajfel, 1970; Tajfel & Turner 1986 find in context to intergroup relationships?

A

Found that we determine the status of our group by comparing it to others.

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17
Q

When is competition harmful?

A

When within a group as it can cause problems and can lead to conflict.

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18
Q

Muzafar Sherif - Boys camp studies

A

Two groups of boys - The Rattlers & The Eagles
They competed for prizes in activities - winner take all
Competition between the groups increased and led to higher levels of aggression and hostility towards other groups.

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19
Q

What are the two factors that influence De-individualisation?

A

Anonymity - where a person becomes an unidentifiable member of a group.
Shift of Attention - Focus on external events, not on internal processes & evaluations.

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20
Q

Zombardo (1970) - Anonymity Studies (not findings)

A

Studies peoples’ willingness to give other people electric shocks
Some participants wore identical clothing & had no name tags.
Others wore normal clothes w/ name tags

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21
Q

Zombardo (1970) - Anonymity Studies Findings

A

People in the same clothes were more often able to give stronger and longer electric shocks than members of the other group

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22
Q

Reicher (1987)

A

Concluded that de-individualisation increases the awareness of social norms.
Where positive social norms leads to positive group behaviour - more negative norms leads to anti-social, negative behaviours.

23
Q

Johnson & Downign (1979)

A

Similar study to Zombardo
Participants were in 2 groups, one wearing nurses uniforms & other wearing KKK clothing - all had name tags
Gave electric shocks to other people

24
Q

Johnson & Downing (1979) Findings

A

Those in nurses uniforms acted more according to the social norms linked to the role of nurses
Those in KKK uniforms acted more in line with the violent norms of the KKK at that time.

25
Q

Social Loafing

A

When an individual puts in less effort within a group situation during an activity or event.

26
Q

Ingham etal. (1974)

A

Students participated in study where they were blindfolded
Thought they were part of a group of tug-of-war
Found that they only put in 82% of effort compared to when the participants knew they were acting alone in the game

27
Q

Why have studies shown that people make more errors in tasks needing increased vigilance, than people working alone on the same type of task?

A

They feel less accountable for their actions
Lack of responses within a situation leads to ‘bystander effect’

28
Q

How to decrease social loafing

A

Task is interesting
Members of the group are highly motivated
Individual contribution needed for success
Performance is monitored
Individual identity with group

29
Q

How is brainstorming good?

A

Helps to generate ideas - process of being open to any idea that may work often leads to more ideas

30
Q

Diehl & Stroebe (1991)

A

Study didn’t support brainstorming positives ideas
Only one person can speak at the same time
Distractions occur between the time an idea is formed and when it is presented

31
Q

Impact of group size

A

We act differently when we are in smaller groups compared when being engaged with a larger one
Communication is important in group dynamics and is directly influenced by group size

32
Q

Small Groups are good for generating…

A

Ideas and data
Cooperation
Checking ideas
Sharing interpretations of ideas and concepts
Good communication

33
Q

Small Groups emotions…

A

Confidence building
Lays foundation for sharing and cooperation with bigger groups

34
Q

Medium sized groups are good for…

A

Generating ideas and data
Criticising and analysing ideas
Role Allocation - leading to a wide range of tasks achieved

35
Q

Medium sized group emotions…

A

Strong encourage the weak
people can’t hide
Creative support

36
Q

Large Sized groups are good for…

A

Workshopping possibilities
Can break up into smaller focus groups

37
Q

Large sized groups emotional…

A

Difficulty maintaining supportive climate
Hiding by people common
Leadership struggles a potential risk
Divisive possibilities - leading to splintering of larger group

38
Q

5 Person wheel

A

Highly centralised flow of information and communication

39
Q

4 Person Chain

A

Decentralised flow of information and communication

40
Q

4 Person Network

A

All members are connected and share information and communications

41
Q

Social Categorisation

A

Is the process of classifying a person as a member of a particular group because of characteristics they share with the wider group

Enables people to not have to deal with individual aspects of a person that aren’t relevant to our interactions with them

42
Q

Stereotypes

A

Form of ‘social categorisation’
Formed on what others perceive as shared characteristics of a group of people - diminishes individuality of the person

43
Q

What has research shown about stereotypes?

A

That once we categorise a person according to a stereotype, we tend not to see them as an individual, only as a set of characteristics of the group we placed them in.

44
Q

Henderson-king & Nisbett (1996)

A

Studied students who watched anotehr person interacting with a researcher.
Some participants saw the other person being rude and aggressive to the researcher - other saw the opposite.
Ethnicity of the other person was changed (white/black)
Second study - asked students to interview a black student fo a specific leadership role
Students were aware of being part of research
They then did the same with a white student

45
Q

Henderson-King & Nisbett (1996) findings

A

Those who interviewed a white student for the role had longer interviews - whether they behaved positively or negatively
Interviewers who saw the black student act negatively - shorter interviews
Reinforcing and expressing entrenched negative stereotypes of a racial group.

46
Q

Thompson & Zerbino (1995)

A

Studied stereotypes in cartoons in USA
Males were shown to be strong, active, and violent
Females shown to be homemaking and personal appearance oriented

47
Q

Darely & Gross (1983)

A

Experiment w/ teachers
1/2 teachers shown video of student that looked poor (images of run-down houses and urban school yard)
Other 1/2 shown same student but in a tree-lined park and near expensive houses
Teachers were then shown the student taking a test
Girl’s behaviour varied during performance (interested or bored)
Teachers then asked to predict her performance - those that saw the poor student expected her not to succeed - whereas the teacher who saw her rich thought she’d succeed.

48
Q

Cuddy etal. (2005)

A

As tech based jobs increase - elderly lose jobs
Young people move around more, no links to place or the inheritance of wisdom

49
Q

Lerner (1988) - Just World Hypothesis

A

The world is just and so we find ourselves in situation that we deserve - blames victims for their misfortunes

50
Q

Theory of reasoned Actions

A

Social norms & values translate into how people behave
Our intent to behave in certain ways is influenced by our social values, attitudes - balanced against cost/benefit of behaviour

51
Q

Roberts & Lindsell (1997)

A

Studied school children’s attitudes and behaviours towards children w/ physical disabilities
Yrs 4-5 (8 schools) did a survey measuring attitudes towards people w/ disabilities
Week later completed behavioural intention scale (hypothetical disabled new class member) answered 10 different scenarios and how they would act

52
Q

Roberts & Lindsell (1997) Findings

A

Children who had low attitudes towards disabled people often indicated they would behave negatively toward the new classmate
Children’s behaviour was also linked to the views/attitudes of the school staff - positive or negative

53
Q

The evolutionary perspective - benefits

A

Grouping others as competitors enables a group to see who they are in competition with for resources
Being altruistic towards others diminishes own and offspring’s chances of survival
Separating others’ as competition and enemy better for survival of group

Psychology ATAR (19 decks)

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