Others: Social Psych Flashcards
Group
2 or more people who interact with and influence each other for more than a short period of time.
Social norms
Standards that govern what is expected in society and in social situations
Social Roles
Activities taken on by individuals for the benefit of the group
Social Status
Roles in groups that are deemed to be more important than others.
Self-Concept
Our definition - who we consider ourselves to be
Social Identity
Part of our self-concept that is based on membership in particular groups
Socially Dependent
Part in the group where they rely on each other for emotional outcomes, feelings of belonging and social identity
Task Dependent
Part in the group where they have to work together to complete a collective task successfully.
Competition
Refers to when people try to gain an advantage over another, either by gaining more resources, accessing resources, by out doing the other person or group.
Cooperation
Requires a commitment to a common goal and to the process of achieving that goal to ensure each member receives an appropriate share of the rewards or benefits
Deindividuation
Abandoning theusualboundaries in order to participate in crowds or group behaviour.
Leads to diminished sense of social responsibility
Characteristics of Groups
There is extended interaction between people
There is a set of shared common goals
Meet/gather regularly
Is composed of member who identify with it and work towards the achievement of its goals.
Isko etal. (1988) - Group Studies
They studied group dynamics using students
Put students in groups of 3
They had them playing different games, where they changed the conditions of the games and interactions of the participants.
What were the 3 main changes in the Isko’s (1988) group studies?
Interdependence - couldn’t see each other
Discussion - talked about the game together
Consensus - had to reach total agreement in order to play game
What were the results in Isko’s (1988) group studies?
The ‘Consensus’ group acted more like a real group than the others, because of the level of participation, and the defined goal of the group.
What did Tajfel, 1970; Tajfel & Turner 1986 find in context to intergroup relationships?
Found that we determine the status of our group by comparing it to others.
When is competition harmful?
When within a group as it can cause problems and can lead to conflict.
Muzafar Sherif - Boys camp studies
Two groups of boys - The Rattlers & The Eagles
They competed for prizes in activities - winner take all
Competition between the groups increased and led to higher levels of aggression and hostility towards other groups.
What are the two factors that influence De-individualisation?
Anonymity - where a person becomes an unidentifiable member of a group.
Shift of Attention - Focus on external events, not on internal processes & evaluations.
Zombardo (1970) - Anonymity Studies (not findings)
Studies peoples’ willingness to give other people electric shocks
Some participants wore identical clothing & had no name tags.
Others wore normal clothes w/ name tags
Zombardo (1970) - Anonymity Studies Findings
People in the same clothes were more often able to give stronger and longer electric shocks than members of the other group
Reicher (1987)
Concluded that de-individualisation increases the awareness of social norms.
Where positive social norms leads to positive group behaviour - more negative norms leads to anti-social, negative behaviours.
Johnson & Downign (1979)
Similar study to Zombardo
Participants were in 2 groups, one wearing nurses uniforms & other wearing KKK clothing - all had name tags
Gave electric shocks to other people
Johnson & Downing (1979) Findings
Those in nurses uniforms acted more according to the social norms linked to the role of nurses
Those in KKK uniforms acted more in line with the violent norms of the KKK at that time.
