Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure and CPR endocrinology

Question 1

What is the normal mean arterial pressure?

What is the highest MAP that the carotid bodies can report?

Answer 1

1) 93.3 mm Hg

2) 200 mm Hg

Question 2

The carotid sinus baroreceptors are innervated by?

The aortic sinus baroreceptors are innervated by?

Answer 2

1) Sinus nerve of Hering (branch of CN IX)

2) Aortic nerve (branch of CN X)

Question 3

The afferent neurons at the nucleus tractus solitarius use what as a NT?

Answer 3

Glutamate

Question 4

In the baroreceptor reflex, what responds to changes in arterial pressure to return to normal?
What are also present to respond to PO2, PCO2, pH?

Answer 4

1) Mechanoreceptors

2) Chemoreceptors

Question 5

Baroreceptors send signals to the?

Answer 5

Medulla

Question 6

What receives and coordinates peripheral signals?

Answer 6

Nucleus of tractus solitarius

Question 7

Parasympathetic activity associated with CV function is associated with what area on brainstem?

Answer 7

1) Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

2) Nucleus ambiguus

Question 8

Sympathetic activity associated with CV function is associated with what area on brainstem?

Answer 8

Rostral ventrolateral medulla

Question 9

Which sinus baroreceptor has higher threshold for activation, continues to respond above saturation, less sensitive to rate, less affected by decreases?

Answer 9

Aortic

Question 10

The sympathetic nervous system has what effect on baroreceptor firing rate?
The parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 10

1) Decreases

2) Increases

Question 11

Sympathetic nervous system has what effect on alpha receptors?
On beta 1 receptors?

Answer 11

1) Constriction of arterioles and veins

2) Increase HR and contractility

Question 12

The parasympathetic nervous system causes decreased HR by?

Answer 12

Vagus nerve signal to SA node

Question 13

In order to decrease MAP you need to?

In order to increase MAP you need to?

Answer 13

1) Increase TPR and CO

2) Decrease TPR and CO

Question 14

What increases TPR and CO?

What decreases TPR and CO?

Answer 14

1) Increase SNS and decreases PSNS activity

2) Decrease SNS and increase PSNS activity

Question 15

What does hypertension do to baroreceptors?

Answer 15

Resets them to regulate pressure at higher set point

Question 16

The renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system (RAAS) controls blood pressure over a longer period of time by?
It overlaps with which NS?

Answer 16

1) Regulating blood volume and TPR

2) SNS

Question 17

What is an enzyme secreted by the kidney into the bloodstream in response to a drop in BP?
Its release is stimulated by?
It decreases what at the macula densa?

Answer 17

1) Renin
2) Beta 1 adrenergic receptor
3) NaCl

Question 18

Renin causes the conversion of what in the blood?

Answer 18

Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (inactive)

Question 19

Angiotensin I is converted to its active form?

Where?

Answer 19

1) Angiotensin II

2) Lungs and kidneys

Question 20

Where in the kidney is renin secreted by?

Answer 20

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 21

Angiotensin II causes the secretion of what from the adrenal cortex?
This leads to?
How does this lead to increasing BP?

Answer 21

1) Aldosterone
2) Na+ and H2O retention by kidney
3) Increases Blood volume, preload, CO

Question 22

Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of?

This causes?

Answer 22

1) ADH

2) Reduced urine production

Question 23

ADH (vasopressin) acts on V1 receptors on blood vessels resulting in?
It also acts on V2 receptors in kidneys resulting in?
These ultimately results in?

Answer 23

1) Constriction
2) Fluid reabsorption
3) Increased TPR and water retention

Question 24

What increases secretion by excessive preload of atria and ventricles?

Answer 24

ANP

Question 25

What three things does ANP do and what does each cause?

Answer 25

1) Dilate arterioles –>decreases TPR
2) Increase fluid loss –>decreases preload
3) Inhibits renin –> decreases both TPR and preload

Question 26

Decreasing blood volume due to hemorrhage can lead to decrease in?

Answer 26

MAP

Question 27

What effect does decreasing blood volume due to hemorrhage have on the following in order to return to normal BP:
Carotid sinus nerve firing?
Heart rate, contractility, CO?
TPR?
EPi, ADH, RAAS?
Unstressed volume?
ANP?

Answer 27

1) Decrease
2) Increase
3) Increase
4) Increase
5) Decreases
6) Decreases

Question 28

Exercise increases sympathetic output due to?
It decreases?
It causes selective arteriolar vasoconstriction due to?

Answer 28

1) Beta 1 receptors
2) Parasympathetic output
3) Alpha 1 receptor

Question 29

If there is no upright movement, then venous return accumulates in lower limbs which increases?
This can lead to?

Answer 29

1) Venous and capillary hydrostatic pressure

2) Edema and hypotension

Question 30

Cardiac output equals?
Stroke volume equals?
BP equals?
MAP equals?

Answer 30

1) SV x HR
2) EDP - ESP
3) CO x TPR
4) CO x TPR

Question 31

What would cause a vascular function curve to shift to the left?
What would cause it to shift to the right?

Answer 31

1) Hemorrhage

2) Blood transfusion