Neurology

Question 1

Where are the four primary restriction points of the esophagus?

Answer 1

At the…

Cricopharyngeus muscle

Arch of the aorta

Left main bronchus

Passage of the esophagus through the diaphragm

Question 2

What major nerve does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve come off of?

Answer 2

The left vagus nerve

Question 3

What nerve contributes to the anterior vagal trunk?

Answer 3

Left vagus nerve

Question 4

What nerve contributes to the posterior vagal trunk?

Answer 4

Right vagus nerve

Question 5

What three cervical nerves supply the phrenic nerve?

Answer 5

C3, C4, C5

Question 6

Where will you find the phrenic nerve near to the heart?

Answer 6

Almost “buried in the heart.”

Between the fibrous pericardium and the mediastinal parietal pleura

Question 7

What are the atypical intercostal nerves?

Answer 7

1-2

7-11

Question 8

What are the three major branches of the intercostal nerves?

Answer 8

Lateral cutaneous branches

Muscular branches

Anterior cutaneous branches

Question 9

Why does the anterior ramus of the 1st thoracic spinal nerve make an atypical intercostal nerve?

Answer 9

Because most of the 1st thoracic spinal nerve joins with the brachial plexus.

Question 10

Why is the second intercostal nerve atypical?

Answer 10

Because it makes a cutaneous branch that joins with “a brachial component” to make the intercostobrachial nerve

Question 11

Why are intercostal nerves 7-11 atypical?

Answer 11

As they run around the ribs, they continue past the ribs and become thoracoabdominal nerves

Question 12

Where is the lateral horn of the spinal cord found?

Answer 12

T1-L2

Question 13

What do we call a presynaptic nerve fiber heading to a prevertebral ganglion?

Answer 13

A Splanchnic nerve

Question 14

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions to the:

Pulmonary plexus

Answer 14

Sympathetic: Pulmonary splanchnic nerves

Parasympathetic: Pulmonary branch of the vagus nerve

Question 15

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions to the:

Superficial and Deep Cardiac Plexus

Answer 15

Sympathetic: Cardiac Splanchnic Nerves

Parasympathetic: Superior, Middle, and Inferior Cardiac branches of the vagus nerve.

Question 16

The aortic plexus has the same sympathetic and parasympathetic contribution as what other plexus?

Answer 16

The cardiac plexus

(Cardiac splanchnic nerves / Superior, middle, and inferior cardiac branches of the vagus nerve.)

Question 17

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions to the:

Esophageal Plexus

Answer 17

Sympathetic: Greater splanchnic nerve

Parasympathetic: Esophageal branches of the vagus nerve

Question 18

What is the receptor on the target organ for parasympathetics?

Answer 18

Muscarinic Ach Receptor

Question 19

Parasympathetics has what effect on HR, contraction, GI motility, and sphincter?

Answer 19

1) Decrease HR and contraction
2) Increase GI motility
3) Sphincter relaxation

Question 20

What sympathetic receptor increases HR and contraction?

What sympathetic receptor increases BP by vasoconstriction?

What sympathetic receptor increases O2 in lungs by bronchodilation?

Answer 20

1) Beta 1 and 2
2) Alpha 1
3) Beta 2

Question 21

Which division of the ANS has long presynaptic fibers and short postsynaptic?
Which has short presynaptic and long postsynaptic?

Answer 21

1) Parasympathetic
2) Sympathetic

Question 22

Voice changes can occur due to a growth at the aortic arch compressing?
What lymph nodes are most likely enlarged?

Answer 22

1) Left recurrent laryngeal n
2) Mediastinal

Question 23

What does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap under?

Answer 23

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 24

What nerve runs between the mediastinal parietal pleura and fibrous pericardium?

Answer 24

Phrenic n