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Biology > Regulation and Control > Flashcards

Regulation and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Cerebellum control?

A
  • movement
  • balance
  • posture coordination
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2
Q

What does the brainstem control?

A
  • the heart
  • blood vessels
  • lung ventilation
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3
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A
  • hunger
  • thirst
  • emotions
  • digestion
  • sleep
  • body temperature
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4
Q

What are the two types of receptors in the retina?

A
  • rods

- cones

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5
Q

Function of rods?

A
  • detect light of low intensity

- CANNOT distinguish colour

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6
Q

Function of cones?

A
  • detect colour

- functions in high light intensity

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7
Q

Where are cones located?

A

central region of the retina

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8
Q

Where are rods located?

A

outer regions of the retina

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9
Q

What is Macula degeneration?

A
  • loss of central vision ( no rods or cones in central spot of retina)
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10
Q

What are semi circular canals?

A
  • organs of balance
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11
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A
  • receptors that allow us to detect chemicals

senses of taste and smell involve chemoreceptors

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12
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A
  • all nerve cells connecting them to the body
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14
Q

What does Mylein assits in?

A

the transmission of electrical impulses along the neuron

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15
Q

Name the 3 types of Neurons?

A
  • Sensory or Affector neurons
  • Motor or Effector neurons
  • Inter neurons
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16
Q

Facts about Sensory or Affector neurons?

A
  • detects changes in either the internal or external environment
  • Information from sensory receptors goes TOWARDS the CNS
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17
Q

Facts about Motor or Effector neurons?

A
  • Carry impulses AWAY from the CNS to muscle cells or glands and cause them to respond
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18
Q

Facts about Inter neurons?

A
  • located in the CNS and sensory and motor neurons
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19
Q

What is a synapse?

A

the gap between one neuron to another

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20
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

something that carries the impulse across the gap

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21
Q

What Needs to be Maintained in the body?

A
  • temperature
  • Concentration of certain chemicals in the blood and tissue
  • Waste products must be removed by kidneys to prevent toxic build up
  • pH levels
  • Blood pressure and blood volume
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22
Q

What kind of signals does the Endocrine System have?

A
  • chemical signals
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23
Q

What kind of signals does the Nervous System have?

A
  • electrical signals
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24
Q

5 Types of Receptors?

A
  • Chemorecpetors
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Pain Receptors
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25
Q

what do Chemorecpetors detect?

A
  • chemicals
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26
Q

what do Mechanoreceptors detect?

A
  • pressure

- movement

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27
Q

What do photorecpetors detect?

A
  • light
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28
Q

what do Thermoreceptors detect?

A
  • temperature
29
Q

What do pain receptors detect?

A
  • pain - are free nerve endings in the skin
30
Q

Feedback model?

A

stimulus > recepetor > transmission > CONTROL CENTRE > transmission > effector > response

31
Q

What is negative feedback ?

A

involve nervous or hormonal systems, or both acting together, to promote stability of the internal environment.

32
Q

Examples of positive feed back?

A
  • blood clotting

- during birth

33
Q

What is a Stimulus ?

A

a change in the internal or external environment

34
Q

What is a Receptor ?

A

part of the nervous system that is responsible for detecting changes

35
Q

What is a Effector ?

A

Muscle or gland capable of producing a response to the stimulus

36
Q

What is a Response ?

A

Response – A change in a cell, tissue or organism because of a stimulus

37
Q

Damage to the Myelin sheath (Multiple Sclerosis) causes a loss of ?

A
  • Coordination
  • Balance
  • Speech
  • Numbness
38
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A
  • Automatic and rapid response to the stimulus

- Protects the body from injury e.g blinking

39
Q

What is Physiological Adaption?

A
  • Any evolutionary change in the physiology of an organism that makes it better able to survive in its environment
40
Q

Example of Physiological Adaption?

A
  • Desert mice have specialised kidneys to prevent too much water loss in their urine
  • Some animals produce dry faeces , shivering to produce additional heat.
41
Q

Target cells ?

A

Any cell that has a specific receptor for an antigen or antibody or hormone or drug

42
Q

Hormones can have ..?

A
  • Temporary effects

- Long term effects

43
Q

Temporary effects of hormones are?

A
  • Adrenaline (fight or flight) signals , the release of glucose from liver and quickening of the heart
44
Q

Long term effects of hormones are?

A
  • Growth hormones
  • Sexual characteristics
  • Regulate metabolism and cell functioning
45
Q

Some types of hormones are ?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Proteins
  • Fatty acids
  • Steroids
46
Q

What is Insulins response to blood glucose levels?

A

it had high blood glucose levels

47
Q

What is glucagon response to blood glucose levels?

A

it had low blood glucose levels

48
Q

How does Insulin reduce glucose from the blood ?

A

increasing the uptake by cells and stimulating the conversion of glucose  GLYCOGEN (a storage molecule)

49
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?

A

acts on the liver to release more glucose into the blood by breaking down stored glycogen.

50
Q

What is Osmoregulation?

A

the control of the levels of water and mineral salts in the blood

51
Q

The two hormones involved in maintaining our water balance are…?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin

- renin

52
Q

When the plasma is more concentrated..

A

the more Antidiuretic is released into the blood

53
Q

When the ADH reaches the kidneys…

A

it causes them to reabsorb more water

54
Q

When the plasma is more dilute…

A

less ADH is released into the bloodstream

55
Q

The level of water in the blood plasma can vary depending on:

A
  • Eternal temperature
  • Amount of exercise
  • Fluid intake
  • Salt intake
56
Q

The Kidneys eliminate …

A
  • nitrogenous wastes

- ensure water balance.

57
Q

Hormone produced from Adrenals?

A

Adrenalin

58
Q

Hormone produced from Ovaries?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

59
Q

Hormone produced from Pancreas?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

60
Q

Hormone produced from Pituitary?

A

Growth hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Stimulating hormones

61
Q

Hormone produced from Thyriod?

A

Thyroxin

62
Q

Hormone produced from Testes?

A

Testosterone

63
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

To check on the internal environment of the body, if something changes it sends a signal to the pituitary.

64
Q

Where are thermometers?

A

skin

65
Q

Where are osmorereceptors?

A

brain and large arteries

66
Q

osmoreceptors?

A

water levels in blood

67
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors ?

A

in the skin and cochlear cells in the inner ear

68
Q

Where are photoreceptors?

A

cell of the retina in the eye

69
Q

Where are chemoreceptors?

A

receptors on the tongue and in the nose

Biology (21 decks)

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