Regulation and Control Flashcards
What does the Cerebellum control?
- movement
- balance
- posture coordination
What does the brainstem control?
- the heart
- blood vessels
- lung ventilation
What does the hypothalamus control?
- hunger
- thirst
- emotions
- digestion
- sleep
- body temperature
What are the two types of receptors in the retina?
- rods
- cones
Function of rods?
- detect light of low intensity
- CANNOT distinguish colour
Function of cones?
- detect colour
- functions in high light intensity
Where are cones located?
central region of the retina
Where are rods located?
outer regions of the retina
What is Macula degeneration?
- loss of central vision ( no rods or cones in central spot of retina)
What are semi circular canals?
- organs of balance
What are chemoreceptors?
- receptors that allow us to detect chemicals
senses of taste and smell involve chemoreceptors
What is the CNS composed of?
- Brain
- Spinal cord
What is the PNS composed of?
- all nerve cells connecting them to the body
What does Mylein assits in?
the transmission of electrical impulses along the neuron
Name the 3 types of Neurons?
- Sensory or Affector neurons
- Motor or Effector neurons
- Inter neurons
Facts about Sensory or Affector neurons?
- detects changes in either the internal or external environment
- Information from sensory receptors goes TOWARDS the CNS
Facts about Motor or Effector neurons?
- Carry impulses AWAY from the CNS to muscle cells or glands and cause them to respond
Facts about Inter neurons?
- located in the CNS and sensory and motor neurons
What is a synapse?
the gap between one neuron to another
What is a neurotransmitter?
something that carries the impulse across the gap
What Needs to be Maintained in the body?
- temperature
- Concentration of certain chemicals in the blood and tissue
- Waste products must be removed by kidneys to prevent toxic build up
- pH levels
- Blood pressure and blood volume
What kind of signals does the Endocrine System have?
- chemical signals
What kind of signals does the Nervous System have?
- electrical signals
5 Types of Receptors?
- Chemorecpetors
- Mechanoreceptors
- Photoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Pain Receptors
what do Chemorecpetors detect?
- chemicals
what do Mechanoreceptors detect?
- pressure
- movement
What do photorecpetors detect?
- light
what do Thermoreceptors detect?
- temperature
What do pain receptors detect?
- pain - are free nerve endings in the skin
Feedback model?
stimulus > recepetor > transmission > CONTROL CENTRE > transmission > effector > response
What is negative feedback ?
involve nervous or hormonal systems, or both acting together, to promote stability of the internal environment.
Examples of positive feed back?
- blood clotting
- during birth
What is a Stimulus ?
a change in the internal or external environment
What is a Receptor ?
part of the nervous system that is responsible for detecting changes
What is a Effector ?
Muscle or gland capable of producing a response to the stimulus
What is a Response ?
Response – A change in a cell, tissue or organism because of a stimulus
Damage to the Myelin sheath (Multiple Sclerosis) causes a loss of ?
- Coordination
- Balance
- Speech
- Numbness
What is a reflex arc?
- Automatic and rapid response to the stimulus
- Protects the body from injury e.g blinking
What is Physiological Adaption?
- Any evolutionary change in the physiology of an organism that makes it better able to survive in its environment
Example of Physiological Adaption?
- Desert mice have specialised kidneys to prevent too much water loss in their urine
- Some animals produce dry faeces , shivering to produce additional heat.
Target cells ?
Any cell that has a specific receptor for an antigen or antibody or hormone or drug
Hormones can have ..?
- Temporary effects
- Long term effects
Temporary effects of hormones are?
- Adrenaline (fight or flight) signals , the release of glucose from liver and quickening of the heart
Long term effects of hormones are?
- Growth hormones
- Sexual characteristics
- Regulate metabolism and cell functioning
Some types of hormones are ?
- Amino acids
- Proteins
- Fatty acids
- Steroids
What is Insulins response to blood glucose levels?
it had high blood glucose levels
What is glucagon response to blood glucose levels?
it had low blood glucose levels
How does Insulin reduce glucose from the blood ?
increasing the uptake by cells and stimulating the conversion of glucose GLYCOGEN (a storage molecule)
How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?
acts on the liver to release more glucose into the blood by breaking down stored glycogen.
What is Osmoregulation?
the control of the levels of water and mineral salts in the blood
The two hormones involved in maintaining our water balance are…?
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin
- renin
When the plasma is more concentrated..
the more Antidiuretic is released into the blood
When the ADH reaches the kidneys…
it causes them to reabsorb more water
When the plasma is more dilute…
less ADH is released into the bloodstream
The level of water in the blood plasma can vary depending on:
- Eternal temperature
- Amount of exercise
- Fluid intake
- Salt intake
The Kidneys eliminate …
- nitrogenous wastes
- ensure water balance.
Hormone produced from Adrenals?
Adrenalin
Hormone produced from Ovaries?
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Hormone produced from Pancreas?
Insulin
Glucagon
Hormone produced from Pituitary?
Growth hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Stimulating hormones
Hormone produced from Thyriod?
Thyroxin
Hormone produced from Testes?
Testosterone
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
To check on the internal environment of the body, if something changes it sends a signal to the pituitary.
Where are thermometers?
skin
Where are osmorereceptors?
brain and large arteries
osmoreceptors?
water levels in blood
Where are mechanoreceptors ?
in the skin and cochlear cells in the inner ear
Where are photoreceptors?
cell of the retina in the eye
Where are chemoreceptors?
receptors on the tongue and in the nose
