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Biology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process of digestion and why is it needed?

A

process of breaking down food into molecules small enough to pass through membranes into cells , otherwise you can’t absorb the nutrients and food into your body

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2
Q

Digestion involves 4 steps. What are they?

A
  1. Ingestion of food
  2. Mechanical digestion
  3. Chemical digestion (enzymes)
  4. Absorption
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3
Q

Why is it it important to have physical (mechanical) digestion before chemical digestion?

A

as you need to break down the foods so the enzymes can act upon it

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4
Q

What are the four types of teeth?

A
  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolar
  • Mollars
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5
Q

What are Mollars?

A

teeth that have a ridged surface to grind food

herbivores have large ones to grind the plants

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6
Q

What are Canines?

A

pointed teeth used to tear food

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7
Q

What are Pre Molars?

A

used to grind food

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8
Q

What are incisors ?

A

sharp teeth used to get food into the mouth.

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9
Q

What does saliva do?

A
  • it is produced by the salivary glands

- makes the food slippery so it can go down the oesophagus and also dissolves it so it can be tasted

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10
Q

What enzyme does Saliva contain?

A

amylase which breaks down complex carbohydrates to simple sugars

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11
Q

What is physical and chemical digestion in the mouth?

A

physical is the chewing of food

chemical is amylase breaking down complex carbohydrates to simple sugars

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12
Q

What is mucus?

A

it is a substance produced in the stomach wall which coats the stomach against auto digestion by the acid

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13
Q

What is Bolus?

A

when food is shaped into a round ball

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14
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

a flap of tissue which closes off the entry to the trachea which stops food from going in there and the lungs

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15
Q

Why doesn’t food go out of the mouth?

A

as at the ENTRANCE of the stomach is the Cardiac Sphincter ; this is a ring of muscle that contracts and allows food entry to stomach

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16
Q

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

s to break down foods and cause the release of enzymes that further aid digestion

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17
Q

What is the function of pepsinogen/pepsin in the stomach?

A

starts PROTEIN digestion making them into smaller portions called peptides.

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18
Q

What is the function of water in the stomach?

A

it is the substance that is secreted onto the food

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19
Q

What is chyme?

A

the thick liquid formed when the muscles of the stomach churns the food

20
Q

What is absorbed from stomach to bloodstream?

A

alcohol and some drugs

21
Q

What are the main functions of the liver in digestion?

A
  • Metabolises waste – such as
    nitrogen products
  • Breaks down poisons
  • stores glucose as glycogen
22
Q

Is bile an enzyme?

A

Bile is not an enzyme but it aids the enzyme, lipase, in the breakdown of lipids

23
Q

What are the roles of the pancreas in digestion?

A

It produces insulin and glucagon as well as secreting pancreatic juices which contains digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine

24
Q

What type of nutrients are digested in the pancreas?

A
  • amylase
  • proteases
  • lipases
  • nucleases
25
Q

What are the three main regions in the Small Intestine?

A
  • the duodenum
  • the jejunum
  • the ileum
26
Q

What continues in the areas in the small intestine?

A
  • digestion of carbohydrates
27
Q

What is inside micro villi?

A
  • capillaries

- lacteal

28
Q

what do villi do?

A

they increase the surface area of absorption in the small intestine

29
Q

By what process are these nutrients absorbed into the blood or lymphatic system?

A

Lacteal which absorbs glycerol & fatty acids and enter the blood stream via veins ear the neck.

30
Q

What are absorbed into the lacteal inside the villi and where are they taken?

A

absorbs glycerol & fatty acids and enter the blood stream via veins ear the neck.

31
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • are to compact undigested food material such as fibre

* to absorb water and some salts back into the body.

32
Q

What does faeces consist of?

A
  • food remains,
  • water,
  • bacteria,
  • dead cells from the intestine,
  • the dried remainder of enzymes, undigested protein, fat and fibre, and inorganic matter.
33
Q

What is the enzyme or chemical involved with carbohydrates?

A

amylase - salivary and pancreatic

34
Q

What is the enzyme or chemical involved with maltose?

A

maltase produced by the small intestine

35
Q

What is the enzyme or chemical involved with proteins?

A

pepsin - stomach
Hcl - stomach to lower ph
Mucus

36
Q

What is the enzyme or chemical involved with Short chain peptides

A

Peptidases- intestinal cells for protein digestion

37
Q

What is the enzyme or chemical involved with lipids?

A

lipases - pancreas

bile-liver

38
Q

What do herbivores tend to have in their digestive system?

A

Herbivores tend to have much longer digestive systems compared with carnivores and omnivores as they rely on bacteria to produce cellulase and enzyme that will digest the cellulose found in plant cell walls. They also spend a lot more time eating as a rest.

39
Q

What are hindgut fermentaers?

A

mammals that have modified regions of the caecum and colon for fermentation

40
Q

What is bile and it’s function?

A 
yellow-greenish liquid containing bile salts its function is to EMULSIFY FATS – acts like a DETERGENT, 
i.e. breaks large globules of 
fat into small globules 
it INCREASES SURFACE AREA 
FOR LIPASES TO BREAKDOWN
FATS.
41
Q

what do capillaries do in micro villi?

A

absorb amino acids & monosaccharides and absorbed into the capillaries in the villi

42
Q

What is completed in the areas in the small intestine?

A

digestion of sugars and starches

43
Q

foregut fermenters

A

herbivores that have an enlarged stomach or oesophagus to accommodate the bacteria

44
Q

what does peristalsis do?

A

it is when muscles behind the bolus of food contracts and the muscles around and in front of the bolus relax

45
Q

function of duodenum?

A
  • The first section on the small intestine which the breakdown of food occurs. The enzymes proteolytic, amylolytic, lipolytic are secreted to help break down food.
46
Q

function of jejunum?

A
  • Second section where nutrients such as glucose, fatty and amino acids are absorbed
47
Q

Ileum

A
  • Last section where vitamin B and the remaining nutrients are digested.

Biology (21 decks)

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