Behaviours of animals and reproductive Flashcards
What is instinctive behaviour ?
this is genetically controlled
what is learned behaviour?
develop as a result of experience
What are some innate behaviours of a newborn human?
- Sucking reflex
- grasping
- stepping
- startle
instinctive behaviours ?
- Rhythmic behaviours
- Communication behaviours
- Reproductive behaviours
- Competitive behaviours
- Social hierarchies
- Territorial
Circadian rhythms ?
daily rhythms over 24 hours, e.g. feeding and sleeping.
“Internal clocks”.
Diurnal ?
active during the day
Nocturnal?
active at night
Crepuscular?
active at dawn or dusk
Lunar rhythms ?
coincide with the phases of the moon as some species have greater success in breeding under the full moon
Circannual rhythms ?
Yearly rhythms
E.g. migration - to a more suitable environment
Types of communication behaviours?
- touch
- posture ( agressive or defensive)
- sounds (used day or night)
- visual signals (only in daylight)
- chemical signals (PHEROMONES) marking of territory or to follow
Sexual Reproduction?
involves two parents whose gametes, unite in the process of fertilisation
Asexual Reproduction?
the species requires no mate to reproduce. The offspring are usually an exact replica of the parent.
Hermaphrodites ?
have functioning male & female reproductive systems
Parthenogenesis
-New individual develops from an unfertilized egg and all will be FEMALE.
E.g. Can occur in bees, stick insects, wasps, ants, lizards and birds
Internal Fertilisation ?
union of sperm & egg occurs inside the female. A lot less animals are born usually only once a year.
External Fertilisation?
eggs & sperm fuse in external environment.
• This method relies on chance.
• Only a small proportion of young will survive.
• The advantage of this method is the high dispersal of young
Monogamy ?
single pair matings
Polygamy ?
multiple matings
Promiscuity?
either the male or the female has many partners during the breeding season. E.g. magpies, lyrebirds, bowerbirds
Egg yolk Viviparity?
mothers produce eggs but do not lay them. They hatch inside the uterus & the young are born. They are nourished only by the yolk.
Placental viviparity ?
Nutrients are delivered from the maternal bloodstream via the placenta to the embryo.
What three things might happen to the less competitive species?
- move to another area
- adopt new survival strategies
- become extinct in that area.
What happens in social groups?
- makes collecting food easier
- Herds – “safety in numbers”
- Easier to find a mate
- Bait Balls
- Battle At Kruger Park
- Solitary hunters – must be adept at catching prey.
What happens in Territorial?
• protect a resource for their own use. (a mate, space, food or water, etc.)
• Social hierarchies
• ‘Pecking order’ – animals fight to learn which others can beat
them and which they can beat.
Habituation?
ability to ignore frequent, harmless stimulus.
• E.g. Scarecrow
• E.g. living near train tracks, the trains may keep you awake for the first few nights, but after a while you seem to not hear them.
Imprinting (both innate & learned)
Occurs in a Critical time period ONLY
• Once learned can’t be changed
• An attachment to another animal or object shortly after birth.
• Rapid learning
Classical Conditioning
responding to particular stimuli
• Basic obedience training
• Pairing two stimuli together, response becomes the same.
• E.g. Pavlov’s experiments
Operant Conditioning or Training
• repeated practice using a reward or punishment system • Trial & Error learning • E.g. Rat presses lever & gets food • Response and reward, the consequence of actions - memorising a route through a maze
Reasoning or Insight
devise apply solution using past experience.
monkeys
Behavior is Controlled by?
- Nervous system
* Endocrine system
k-selection reproductive strategies
slower and fewer, animals tend to mature slower and more care is taken into the youth
r-selection selection reproductive strategies
large numbers of off spring, breed frequently ,little care in the offspring
The amnion
surrounds the embryo via fluid
the allatonis
forms a sack that contains the waste of an embryo
yolk sack
contains nutrients for the embryo
