immunity sac rev

Question 1

What happens at the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

• where specific immune responses occur
• where wbc are
• remove fluid + derbis
• returns excess fluid to circulatory system

Question 2

What happens when there are non-self antigens?

Answer 2

foreign material have their own self antigens, which will be recognized as foreign by the receptors on the surface of immune cells

Question 3

What is the first line of defense and what is involved?

Answer 3

prevention of entry of the pathogen

• intact skin
• mucus and cilia
• enzymes in tears

Question 4

function of phagocytes

Answer 4

recognize,engulf and destroy foreign antigens using digestive enzymes

Question 5

types of phagocytes and where they are

Answer 5

neutrophils - blood
macropharges - tissue
dendritic cells - tissue

Question 6

What cells are involved in inflammation and where are they?

Answer 6

mast cells - tissue

basophils - blood

Question 7

Function of natural killer cells and where they’re found

Answer 7

(IN BLOOD) to destroy
-virally infected cells
cancer cells
poorly matched transplant tissue

Question 8

function of T cytotoxic cells and where they’re found

Answer 8

(lymph nodes) produces chemical that causes death in foreign infected and memory t cells

Question 9

function of T helper cells?

Answer 9

secretes interleukin to

• stimulate B and T cells to divide
• action of macrophages and neutrophils

Question 10

function of B cells

Answer 10

activated plasma cells make antibodies

memory B provide immunity

Question 11

function of plasma cells

Answer 11

produces specific antibodies that can join to the Ag of the pathogen, so that phagocyte can detect and destroy

Question 12

function of memory cells

Answer 12

provides immunity as it keeps memory of older lymphocyte that was generated where there was an immune response for a specific a.g

Question 13

advantages of memory cells?

Answer 13

• quicker
• last longer
• provides more AB

Question 14

What is histamine and what is it produced by?

Answer 14

• basophils and mast cells

dilation of blood vessels and capillaries become more permeable there phagocytes can get to the infected area

Question 15

What are cytokines and what is it produced by?

Answer 15

-Th cells and macropharges

cell signalling molecules that aid in cell communication in immune responses

Question 16

function of complement?

Answer 16

• to coat bacteria
• lyse membrane of pathogens
• increase phagocytes of a pathogen

Question 17

What is interferon and what is it produced by?

Answer 17

• produced by virally infected cell
  to stimulate
• nearby uninfected cells to produce antiviral ptorteins
• NK cells

Question 18

What happens in Cell Mediated?

Answer 18

1. Cell infected by virus, is recognized by antigens as non self
2. the macrophage acts as a antigen presenting cell and presents to Th cell
3. Th release cytokines + activate specific T cytotoxic cells
4. Tc releases cytotoxic granules which lyse the membrane of infected cell

Question 19

What happens in humoral immune response?

Answer 19

1. macrophages that have engulfed the bacteria, act as an antigen presenting cell an d migrate to the lymph nodes
2. Macropharge present Ag to Th
3. Th release cytokines and stimulate specific B cells
4. B cells are clonally selected + differentiate into antibody produce B cells and memory B cells

Question 20

What is clonal selection?

Answer 20

when B cells are stimulated by contact with a specific antigen which clones into - plasma and memory cells

Question 21

What are antibodies?

Answer 21

protein produced by specific plasma cell, to bind to antigens and inactivate them

Question 22

Examples of passive immunity

Answer 22

artificial - injection of antibodies

natural - breast milk

Question 23

Examples of active immunity

Answer 23

artificial - vaccination

natural- catching the disease

Question 24

What is a vaccination?

Answer 24

weakened version of the disease that still has antigen that can be recognize as foreign which produce antigen specific antibodies

Question 25

What is an allergic reaction?

Answer 25

a rapid overreaction of our immune system to a previously encountered antigen (allergen such as peanuts)

Question 26

What cells are involved in a allergic reaction

Answer 26

• mast cells
• histamine
  allergen
  antibody

Question 27

antibody for allergen?

Answer 27

IgE

Question 28

What is auto immunity?

Answer 28

when the immune system recognizes a self cells as a non self, which it begins to destroy the self cells
eg. TYPE 1 DIABETES ,destroys cells that produce insulin