Regional Anatomy GBA Flashcards
Palmar Region - Skin Innervation:
Palmar Branch of Median Nerve
Palmar Branch of Ulnar Nerve
Palmar Branch of Radial Nerve
Palmar Region - Borders:
● Sup: line connecting ulnar and radial carpal eminences
● Inf: edge of skin folds at base of fingers around level of proximal phalanges
● Med: edge of hypothenar eminence
● Lat: lat. margin of thenar eminence and skin fold between first and second fingers
Dorsum of the hand- Skin Innervation:
Dorsal Ulnar Nerve
Superficial Radial Nerve
Superficial Ulnar nerve (Pinky+Half of ring finger)
Median Nerve (1,2,3 fingers+Half of ring finger)
Medial Malleolar Region - Skin Innervation:
Calcaneal Branches of Tibial Nerve
Saphenous Nerve
Plantar region - Borders:
Ant.: the skin folds at the base of the toes
Post.Med.Lat: the edges of sole and the heel
Scapular Region - Layers:
1) skin 2) subcutaneous connective / adipose tissue
3) fascia of the superficial muscles 4) trapezius m., deltoid. m. (spinous part)
5) supra- et infraspinal fascia
6) supraspinatus m., infraspinatus m., teres minor m., teres major m., latissimus dorsi m. (upper part), triceps m., levator scapulae m., rhomboideus major et minor mm.
Lumbar region - Borders:
Sup.: horizontal line connecting the inf. scapular angle and posterior axillary fold
Inf.: iliac crest
Med.: midline of the trunk
Lat: perpendicular lines along the midaxillary line
Plantar Region - Layers:
1) skin
2) subcutaneous adipose tissue
3) plantar aponeurosis (the strong triangular part of the plantar fascia)
4) flexor digitorum brevis m.
5) tendons of flexor digitorum longus m, quadratus plantae m. and lumbricales mm.
6) deep connective tissue space
7) back: the plantar surface and ligaments of tarsal bones
front: adductor hallucis and the m.interosseus muscles
8) tendon of peroneus longus m., which passes in own groove (on cuboid)
surrounded by the long plantar lig. We can observe the insertion on medial
cuneiform and on the base of the first metatarsal.
Posterior Genicular Region - Layers:
1) skin
2) subcutaneous adipose tissue
3) popliteal fascia
4) space of popliteal fossa which is bounded:
superiorly and medially: by semitendinosus m. and
semimembranosus m.
superiorly and laterally: by biceps femoris m.
inferiorly medially and laterally: by the med. and lat. heads of
gastrocnemius m. The lateral head originates with the
plantaris m.
5) The floor of the popliteaal fossa is formed by
o lower edge of the adductor magnus (Adductor hiatus)
o popliteal surface of the femur
o between them the tendineal hiatus (above)
o the fibrous capsule of the knee joint (in the middle)
o popliteus m. (below)
Dorsum of the hand - Borders :
Prox.: basis of the metacarpals
Dist.: the heads of metacarpals
Uln.Rad.: respective margins of the hand
Lateral malleolar region - Skin Innervation:
Sural Nerve and Lateral Plantar Nerve
Posterior Carpal Region - Skin Innervation:
Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (C8-T1)
Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (Radial)
Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (Musculocutanous)
Lateral malleolar region - Layers:
1) skin
2) subcutaneous connective tissue
3) two ligamentous parts of the fascia cruris: the superior and inferior peroneal retinacula.
4) tendons of peroneus brevis m (ant.) and peroneus longus m. (post.) together in
a commom synovial sheat.
Posterior brachial Region - Borders:
Prox.: level of the posterior axillary fold
Dist.: three finger’s breadth above the olecranon Med.: medial bicipital groove
Lat: lateral bicipital groove
Thoracic Aperture - Borders:
➔ Ant: superior border of the manubrium
➔ Post: vertebral body of T1
➔ Lat: arches of the 1st ribs
Anterior Antebrachial Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Antebrachial fascia
- Muscles
a. Superficial
i. Brachioradialis m (only extensor)
ii. Pronator teres m
iii. Flexor carpi radialis m
iv. Palmaris longus m
v. Flexor carpi ulnaris m
vi. Flexor digitorum superficialis m
b. Deep
i. Flexor pollicis longus m
ii. Flexor indicis m
iii. Flexor digitorum profundum m
iv. Pronator quadratus m - Interosseous membrane
Ant. Genicular Region - Skin Innervation:
Anterior Femoral Nerve
Saphenous Nerve
Lateral and Medial Calf Cutaneous Nerves
Anterior Cubital Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Cubital fascia
- Biceps m , Brachialis m , Brachioradialis m, Pronator teres m, Flexor carpi radialis
m, Palmaris longus m, Flexor carpi ulnaris m, Extensor carpi radialis longus m,
Extensor carpi radialis brevis m
Deltoid Region Skin Innervation:
Superior Lateral Brachial Cutaneous Nerve (Axilary)
Anterior Cubital Region - Skin Innervation:
Inferior Lateral Brachial Cutaneous Nerve (Radial)
Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve (C8-T1)
Lateral Anterachial Cutaneous Nerve (Muscolocutanous)
Medial Anterachial Cutaneous Nerve (C8-T1)
Dorsum of the foot - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Fascia
a. sup extensor retinaculum
b. Xshaped
inf extensor retinaculum - Tendon of
a. Tibialis ant. m
b. Extensor hallucis longus m
c. Extensor digitorum longus m
d. Extensor hallucis brevis m
e. Extensor digitorum brevis m - Dorsal interosseous m, Peroneus tertius m
Deltoid Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous tissue/fat
- Deltoid fascia
- Deltoid m
- Subdeltoid fasciacontinuous
with coracoclavicular lig - Triceps m (lat. and long heads), Teres minor m , Teres major m , Infraspinatus m ,
Supraspinatus m , Biceps m (long and short heads), Coracobrachialis m , Pectoralis
minor m , Pectoralis major m
Nuchal Region - Borders:
Sup.: External occipital protuberance + Mastoid Lvl
Inf.: level of C7 vertebra
Med.: line between external occipital protuberance and vertebra prominens
Lat: the side of trapezius muscle from the mastoid process until the inferior boundary.
Posterior Cubital Region - Borders
Sup/Inf: 3 fingers above and below cuibital fossa
Med/Lat: Epicondyles
Ant Femoral Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Fascia lata
- Tensor fascia latae m , Sartorius m*
- Vastoadductor lamina of the adductor canal
- Rectus femoris m , Vastus medialis m , Pectineus m , Adductor longus m , Adductor
magnus m , Gracilis m
Posterior brachial Region -Skin Innervation:
Inferior part of Lateral Cutaneous Brachial nerve (Radial)
Posterior Cutaneous Brachial nerve (Radial)
Medial Cutaneous Brachial nerve (C8-T1)
Posterior Cubital Region - Skin Innervation:
Posterior Brachial Cutaneous Nerve (Radial)
Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve (C8-T1)
Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (C8-T1)
Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (Radial)
Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (Musculocutanous)
Subinguinal Region - Skin Innervation:
Ilioinguinal Nerve
Femoral Branch of Genitofemoral Nerve
Lateral Iliohypogastric Nerve
Ant. Carpal Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Antebrachial fascia & Palmar carpal ligament
- Flexor Retinaculum
- Tendons of:
a. Abductor pollicis longus m
b. Extensor pollicis brevis m
c. Brachioradialis m
d. Flexor carpi radialis m
e. Palmaris longus m
f. Flexor pollicis longus m
g. Flexor digitorum superficialis m
h. Flexor carpi ulnaris m - Pronator quadratus m
Abdominal Wall Region - Layers
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Fasciaaponeurosis
of abdominal mm
a. External oblique abd m
b. Internal oblique abd m
c. Transversus abd m
Gluteal region - Skin Innervation:
Cluneal Nerves; S, M , I
(Inferior Comes from Posterior Femoral Cutaneous)
Also - Lateral Iliohypogastric Nerve
Anterior Crural Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Fascia cruris
- Ant. compartment:
a. Tibialis ant m
b. Extensor digitorum longus m
c. Extensor hallucis longus m - Lateral compartments:
a. Peroneus longus m
b. Peroneus brevis m
Infraclavicular Region - Skin Innervation:
Intercostal Branches:
Anterior and Lateral Pectoral Cutaneous Nerves
Posterior Antebrachial Region - Layers:
1) skin
2) subcutaneous connective / adipose tissue (subcutaneous nerves and veins)
3) posterior antebrachial fascia
4) extensor muscles of the forearm (see the note)
5) interosseus membrane (deviding from the anterior region, serves as origin of
muscles) , ulna (medially), radius (laterally).
Popliteal region (Posterior Genicular) - Borders:
Sup.Inf.: three finger’s breadth above and below the midpopliteal groove
Med.: vertical line across the medial epicondyle
Lat: vertical line across the capitulum of fibula
Nuchal Region - Skin Innervation:
Lesser Occipital, Greater Occipital, Tertiary Occipital, Suboccipital.
Scapular Region - Borders:
Sup.: line connecting the acromion and T1 spinous process
Inf.: line connecting the inf. scapular angle and posterior axillary fold
Med.: Midline of the trunk
Lat.: an oblique line connecting the acromion with the lateral end of the inferior boundary.
Posterior femoral region - Layers:
1) skin
2) subcutaneous adipose tissue (subcutaneous nerves and veins)
3) fascia lata
4) flexors of the thigh:
omedially: semitendinosus m.; semimembranosus m.;
o laterally: biceps femoris m. ( long and short heads)
5) connective tissue layer between the flexors and adductors
6) adductor magnus m. which forms the base of the region
Medial Malleolar Region - Borders:
● Sup: one finger above the medial malleolus
● Inf: medial edge of the sole of the foot
● Ant: arched line drawn along the ant border of the tibia until the palpable head of
the talus and then perpendicular to the sole of the foot
● Post: midline of the leg
Inguinal Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Fascia aponeurosis
of External oblique abdominis m - Internal oblique abdominis m , Transversus abdominis m
- Spermatic cord (Cremaster m) / Round lig
Posterior Antebrachial Region - Borders:
Prox.: transverse line drawn three finger’s breadth below the olecranon
Dist.: transverse line drawn across the caput ulnae
Lat: connecting line between the latateral epicondyle and the styloid proc. of the
radius
Med.: connecting line between the medial epicondyle and the styloid proc. of the
ulna
Infraclavicular Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat and connective tissue
- Platysma m (fibres radiate into the skin at level of 2nd rib)
- Pectoral fascia
- Pectoralis Major m (clavicular pt)
- Fatty connective tissue & Clavipectoral fascia
- Pectoralis Minor m
Posterior Carpal Region - Layers:
1) skin
2) subcutaneous connective / adipose tissue
3) fascia of forearm
4) extensor retinaculum (dorsal carpal lig.)
5) tendons of the extensor muscles
6) carpal bones (from radial direction):
o Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
o Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Posterior Crural Region - Skin Innervation:
Lateral Calf cutaneous Nerve (Tibial)
Medial Calf cutaneous Nerve (Common Peroneal)
Sural Nerve
Ant. Genicular Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Fascia
- Med. & Lat. patellar retinaculum and patellar ligament
- Vastus lateralis m , Rectus femoris m , Vastus medialis m , Sartorius m , Gracilis m ,
Semitendinosus m
Anterior Antebrachial Region - Borders:
● Sup: three fingers below the middle of the cubital fossa
● Inf: transverse line across the head of the ulna
● Med: line connecting medial epicondyle with styloid process of ulna
● Lat: line connecting lateral epicondyle with styloid process of radius
Abdominal Wall Region - Borders:
● Sup: line following the curvature of the 10th rib
● Inf: Inguinal lig
● Med: midline
● Lat: margin of the body
Posterior Antebrachial Region - Skin Innervation:
Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (C8-T1)
Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (Radial)
Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (Musculocutanous)
Scapular Region - Skin Innervation:
Dorsal Rami (Posterior Intercostals)
Gluteal region - Borders:
Sup.: Iliac crest
Inf.: gluteal groove
Med.: lateral sacral crest
Lat.: a perpendicular line from the anterior superior iliac spine
Posterior Carpal Region - Borders:
Prox.: transverse line drawn across the head of the ulna
Dist.: transverse line drawn at the level of the base of the metacarpals
Uln. and Rad.: the respective margins of the wrist
Posterior brachial Region -Layers:
1) skin 2) subcutaneous connective / adipose tissue (subcutaneous nerves)
3) brachial fascia
4) triceps brachii m. (between the origin of the lateral and medial heads we can find the groove of the radial nerve with radial n. + deep brachial a.)
Ant Crural Region - Borders:
● Sup: tibial tuberosity and head of fibula
● Inf: line connecting the malleoli
● Med: perpendicular line to med. malleoli
● Lat: perpendicular line to lat. malleoli
Dorsum of the foot - Borders:
● Prox: intermalleolar line
● Dist: transverse line across the base of the toes
● Med: line drawn from malleolus through head of talus to medial edge of foot
● Lat: arch drawn from malleolus to tuberosity of 5th metatarsal and then on to
edge of foot
Anterior Cubital Region - Borders:
● Sup: three fingers above the cubital fossa
● Inf: three fingers below the cubital fossa
● Med: perpendicular line through the medial epicondyle
● Lat: perpendicular line through the lateral epicondyle
Ant. Genicular Region - Borders:
● Sup: three fingers above the base
● Inf: three fingers below the patella
● Med: vertical line across medial epicondyle
● Lat: vertical line across the capitulum of the fibula
Ant. Carpal Region - Borders:
● Sup: transverse line across head of ulna
● Inf: transverse line connecting medial and lateral carpal eminences
● Med: med. border of the wrist
● Lat: lat. border of the wrist
Posterior femoral region - Skin Innervation:
Posterior femoral Cutaneous Nerve
Lateral femoral Cutaneous Nerve
Obturator Nerve
Dorsum of Foot - Skin innervation:
Deep Fibular (Flip Flop)
Superficial Fibular
Lateral Dorsal Cutaneus (Sural)
Saphenous Nerve
Posterior Crural Region - Borders:
Sup.Inf.: three finger’s breadth above and below the midpopliteal groove
Med.: vertical line across the medial epicondyle
Lat: vertical line across the capitulum of fibula
Posterior Cubital Region - Layers
1) skin
2) subcutaneous connective / adipose tissue
3) fascia
4) triceps brachii m. and flex. carpi ulnaris m., brachioradialis m., ext. carpi
radialis longus m., extensor digirorum m., extensor carpi ulnaris m. (originating
portions) and anconeus m.
Abdominal Wall Region - Skin Innervation:
Thoracoabdominal Nerve
Subcostal Nerve
Iliohypogastric Nerve
(Ilioinguinal?)
Anterior Brachial Region - Borders:
● Sup: transverse line along lower margin of pectoralis major
● Inf: transverse line three fingers above cubital fossa
● Med: med. bicipital groove
● Lat: lat. bicipital groove
Superaclavicular Region - Layers
- Skin
- Platysma
- Cervical fascia & Pretracheal fascia
- Sternocleidomastoid m , inf belly of Omohyoid m , Scalenus ant m , Scalenus medius
m , Trapezius m - Deep (prevertebral) layer of cervical fascia
- Scalenus post m , Levator Scapulae m
Mammary Region - Borders and Layers:
● Found between 3rd and 7th ribs
● Med: parasternal line
● Lat: ant axillary line
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Mammary gland
- Pectoral fascia
Axillary Region - Borders:
Sup: above the clavicle
Inf: post. axillary fold
Med: line drawn parallel to the lateral boundary and connecting the sternoclavicular joint with the lower boundary of the region
Lat: medial margin of the deltoid m
Deltoid Region - Borders:
margins of the deltoid m
Ant Femoral Region - Borders:
● Sup: level of the gluteal groove
● Inf: transverse line three fingers above patella
● Med: medial condyle
● Lat: lateral condyle
Anterior Brachial Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat/tissue
- Brachial fascia
- Biceps m
- Brachialis m, Coracobrachialis m
Gluteal region - Layers:
1) skin
2) thick subcutaneous adipose tissue (with subcutaneouse nerves: superior, middle
and inferior cluneal nerves)
3) fascia (laterally the tensor fasciae latae m.)
4) gluteus max. m. (inf. gluteal n.)
5) connective tissue layer which contains several nerves and blood vessels embedded
into fat
6) middle muscle layer, from above:
o gluteus medius m.(sup. gluteal n.) – site of intramuscular injections!!!
o piriformis m.
o tendon of obturator internus m., which is flanked by
o gemelli mm. (together form the so-called „Austrian flag” –
red;white;red)
o quadratus femoris m.
7) deep intermuscular space
8) deep muscular layer:
o gluteus minimus m. (sup. gluteal n.)
o obturator externus m. (beneath: quadratus femoris m.)
Inguinal Region - Borders:
● Sup: line across ASIS
● Inf: Inguinal lig
● Med: vertical line connecting pubic tubercle with upper border
Infraclavicular Region - Borders:
Sup: above the clavicle
Inf: the lower edge of the pectoralis major m (ant axillary fold)
Med: line drawn parallel to the lateral boundary and connecting the
sternoclavicular joint with the lower boundary of the region
Lat: medial margin of the deltoid m
Anterior Brachial Region - Skin Innervation:
Inferior Lateral Brachial Cutaneous Nerve (Radial)
Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve (C8-T1)
Intercostobrachial Nerve (T2)
Plantar region - Skin Innervation:
Sural Nerve (Med Sural(Tibial) + Lat. Sural (Common P.))
Calcaneal Branches of Tibial Nerve
Medial+Lateral Plantar Nerves (Tibial)
Ant Femoral Region - Skin Innervation:
Anterior+ Lateral Femoral Nerves
Obturator Nerve
Subinguinal Region - Borders:
● Sup: inguinal ligament
● Inf: line drawn across gluteal groove
● Med: medial edge of the thigh
● Lat: line perpendicular to ant iliac spine
Subinguinal Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Fascia lata & Cribriform fascia
- Superficial
a. Iliopsoas m
b. Sartorius m
c. Tensor fascia latae m
d. Rectus femoris m
e. Adductor longus m
f. Gracilis m
g. Pectineus m - Deep
a. Adductor brevis m
b. Obturator externus m
c. Adductor magnus m
d. Adductor minimus m
Ant. Carpal Region - Skin Innervation:
Palmar Branch of Median Nerve
Palmar Branch of Ulnar Nerve
Palmar Branch of Radial Nerve
Axillary Region - Skin Innervation:
Intercostobrachial Nerve (T2)
Lateral Pectoral Cutaneous Nerve
Axillary Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Superficial axillary fasciasubcutaneous
fat and connective tissue - Platysma m (fibres radiate into the skin at level of 2nd rib)
- Pectoral fascia
- Pectoralis Major m gives
the ant. axillary fold - Fatty connective tissue & Clavipectoral fascia
- Pectoralis Minor m
- Serratus Ant. m gives
med. wall of axil fossa - Axillary fat pad containing nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes
- Latissimus dorsi m , Subscapularis m , Teres major m , Deltoid m, Coracobrachialis
m, Biceps m (short head)
Anterior Crural Region - Skin Innervation:
Saphenous Nerve
L+M Calf Cutaneous Nerves
Dorsum of the hand-Layers:
1) skin
2) subcutaneous connective / adipose tissue (subcutaneous veins and nerves)
3) fascia
4) flat tendons of the extensor muscles.
5) metacarpals - between them there are four dorsal interosseous muscles. (covered
by fascia)
Posterior genicular region - Skin Innervation:
Obturator Nerve
Posterior Femoral Nerve
Lateral Calf cutaneous Nerve
Medial Calf cutaneous Nerve
Saphenous Nerve
Inguinal Region - Skin Innervation:
Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal Nerves
Nuchal Region - Layers:
1) skin
2) subcutaneous connective / adipose tissue (subcutaneous nerves)
3) superficial layer of the cervical fascia
4) in 3 layer the superficial nuchal muscles
5) deep layer of the cervical fascia
6) deep nuchal muscles – suboccipital triangle.
Palmar Region - Layers:
- Skin
- Subcutaneous fat / tissue
- Palmar aponeurosis (with longitudinal and transverse fibres) & Palmaris brevis m
- Tendons of Flexor digitorum superficialis & profundum
- Lumbricals mm
- Thenar fascia
- Thenar mm :
a. Abductor pollicis brevis m
b. superficial & deep heads of Flexor pollicis brevis m
c. tendon of Flexor pollicis longus m
d. Opponens pollicis m
e. Adductor pollicis m - Hypothenar fascia
- Hypothenar mm:
a. Abductor digiti minimi m
b. Flexor digiti minimi brevis m
c. Opponens digiti minimi m - Deep palmar fascia
- Deep mm
a. Palmar interosseous mm
b. Dorsal interosseous mm
c. tendon of Flexor digitorum profundus m
d. tendon of Flexor digitorum superficialis m
Anterior Antebrachial Region - Skin Innervation:
Lateral Anterachial Cutaneous Nerve (Muscolocutanous)
Medial Anterachial Cutaneous Nerve (C8-T1)
Lumbar region - Layers:
1) skin
2) latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (lumbodorsal fascia)
3) erector spinae m., obliquus abdominis int m., transversus abdominis m.
4) quadratus lumborum m.
Posterior femoral region - Borders:
Sup.: gluteal groove
Inf.: the line three finger’s breadth above the centre of the popliteal fossa
Med.Lat: lateral and medial edges of the thigh
Supraclavicular Region - Borders:
Composed of:
Omotrapezoid triangle + Omoclavicular triangle
Lateral malleolar region - Borders
Sup.: a transverse line one finger above the level of the lateral malleolus
Inf.: the lateral edge of the sole of the foot
Ant.: the line drawn along the anterior border of the fibula as far as the tip of the
lateral malleolus, and continued as an arched line to the tuberosity of the fifth
metatarsal.
Post.: midline of the leg
Superaclavicular Region - Skin Innervation
Erb’s Point Nerves:
- Transverse Cervical
- Supraclavicular
(Lesser Occipital + Greater Auricular?)
