Redox reactions and Respiration (part 3) Flashcards
What makes ATP and energy rich compound?
change in energy greater than -30 kj/mol
phosphoanhydride bond (higher energy)
While ATP and ADP have phosphodiester bonds, AMP has a lower energy ________ bond making it ______ an energy rich molecule
phosphoester, not
ATP also contains ______ bonds, which relates to coenzyme ___
thioester, A
How do we make ATP?
substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation (requires ATP synthase)
What is aerobic respiration?
a catabolic reaction in which organic energy sources are broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy
Aerobic respiration is a series of three reactions, what are they?
glycolysis, the TCA cycle, the electron transport chain
glycolysis forms two _____ _______ molecules
3-C pyruvate
The TCA cycle completely ________ _____ organic compounds releasing ______
breaks down, CO2
The electron transport chain is a chain of ____________ electron carriers that receive ______ from reduced carriers generated by _______ and the ________cycle and donate them to the final electron ________ (oxygen) and generate ______ along the way
membrane-associated, electrons, glycolysis, TCA, acceptor, ATP
What is the starting compound of glycolysis?
glucose
What is another name for glycolysis?
Embden-myerhof-Parnas
What is the first step of glycolysis?
endergonic reaction, ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
what is the second step of glycolysis/
glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate
What is the third step of glycolysis
endergonic reaction, ATP is used to phosphorylate the first carbon of fructose-6-phosphate to make fructose 1,6, diphosphate
What is the main summary of the first half of glycolysis
need to use energy
create two products to be used in the second half : dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
What is the main summary of the second half of glycolysis?
some use of electron carriers (NAD)
gain 2 molecules of NADH and ATP
gain another two ATP molecules
and end with 2 pyruvate
What is the net outcome of ATP in glycolysis why?
create four, but use two to get started to NET is 2 ATP molecules
At the end of glycolysis we want _______, thus we proceed with the ______ cycle
carbon, TCA
The etner-doudoroff pathway is found only in __________, specifically which ones?
bacteria, gram - soil microorganisms
Bothe glycolysis and etner end with __ molecules of pyruvate, require ______ in the beginning, etner uses ________ instead of a second ATP molecule like in glycolysis
2, ATP, NADP+
what are the differences between glycolysis and the etner-douderoff pathway?
differences in the first four steps only
EDP uses NADPH which gets funneled into the anabolic pathways to build things up
end products of EDP are 2 pyruvate, 1 G3P, 2 ATP (1 Net)
Glycolysis uses glucose
end products are 2 pyruvate, 2 G3P, 4 ATP (2 Net)
T/F the pentose phosphate pathway is found in all organisms
true
The pentose phosphate pathway starts with ___________, has a few steps and then forms _____________. These few steps in between form 6 _______ molecules for anabolic pathways
glucose-6-phosphate, ribulose-5- phosphate, NADPH
When do organisms switch to using the pentose phosphate pathway instead of glycolysis? what can it make?
when we need more anabolic molecules to build things, we can make glucose and some intermediates will make ATP
the multi enzyme ________ complex oxidizes and cleaves pyruvate.
pyruvate dehydrogenase
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex produces _________ and _________ after two pyruvate molecules go through it
2 CO2, 2 NADH
After the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex we have a ____________ group remaining that binds to coenzyme ___, this forms ___________ the starting material for the TCA cycle
2-carbon acetyl, A, acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
What is the first step of the TCA cycle
oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA forming citric acid with the release of coenzyme A (effectively recycling it)
What is the second step of the TCA cycle
citrate is converted to isocitrate
What is the third step of the TCA cycle
isocitrate is dehydrogenated and NAD is reduced to NADH - forming alpna-ketoglutarate which releases CO2
What is step 4 of the TCA cycle?
coenzyme A binds to alpha-ketoglutarate causing dehydrogenation and NAD is reduced to NADH - forming energy rich succinyl-CoA and releasing Carbon dioxide
What is the summary of the first half of the TCA cycle?
the break down of carbons
Why is the second half of the TCA cycle necessary?
to regenerate oxaloacetate to start the cycle again and to also extract more energy from these intermediate molecules
What is step 5 of the TCA cycle
succinyl CoA can phosphorylate ADP to make ATP and succinate
What is step 6 of TCA cycle
succinate is dehydrogenated and FAD is reduced forming FADH2 and fumurate
What is step 7 and 8 of the TCA cycle
water is added to fumarate to form malate, malate is dehydrogenated reducing NAD to NADH and oxaloacetate is formed
What is the main summary of the second half of the TCA cycle?
make ATP and succinate, FADH2 and succinate, produce NADH
What are the products of the TCA cycle? how many pyruvate molecules are used to complete this?
2 pyruvate molecules are used
6 CO2, ^ NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP made
