Redox reactions and Respiration (part 3)

Question 1

What makes ATP and energy rich compound?

Answer 1

change in energy greater than -30 kj/mol
phosphoanhydride bond (higher energy)

Question 2

While ATP and ADP have phosphodiester bonds, AMP has a lower energy ________ bond making it ______ an energy rich molecule

Answer 2

phosphoester, not

Question 3

ATP also contains ______ bonds, which relates to coenzyme ___

Answer 3

thioester, A

Question 4

How do we make ATP?

Answer 4

substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation (requires ATP synthase)

Question 5

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 5

a catabolic reaction in which organic energy sources are broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy

Question 6

Aerobic respiration is a series of three reactions, what are they?

Answer 6

glycolysis, the TCA cycle, the electron transport chain

Question 7

glycolysis forms two _____ _______ molecules

Answer 7

3-C pyruvate

Question 8

The TCA cycle completely ________ _____ organic compounds releasing ______

Answer 8

breaks down, CO2

Question 9

The electron transport chain is a chain of ____________ electron carriers that receive ______ from reduced carriers generated by _______ and the ________cycle and donate them to the final electron ________ (oxygen) and generate ______ along the way

Answer 9

membrane-associated, electrons, glycolysis, TCA, acceptor, ATP

Question 10

What is the starting compound of glycolysis?

Answer 10

glucose

Question 11

What is another name for glycolysis?

Answer 11

Embden-myerhof-Parnas

Question 12

What is the first step of glycolysis?

Answer 12

endergonic reaction, ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

Question 13

what is the second step of glycolysis/

Answer 13

glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate

Question 14

What is the third step of glycolysis

Answer 14

endergonic reaction, ATP is used to phosphorylate the first carbon of fructose-6-phosphate to make fructose 1,6, diphosphate

Question 15

What is the main summary of the first half of glycolysis

Answer 15

need to use energy
create two products to be used in the second half : dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Question 16

What is the main summary of the second half of glycolysis?

Answer 16

some use of electron carriers (NAD)
gain 2 molecules of NADH and ATP
gain another two ATP molecules
and end with 2 pyruvate

Question 17

What is the net outcome of ATP in glycolysis why?

Answer 17

create four, but use two to get started to NET is 2 ATP molecules

Question 18

At the end of glycolysis we want _______, thus we proceed with the ______ cycle

Answer 18

carbon, TCA

Question 19

The etner-doudoroff pathway is found only in __________, specifically which ones?

Answer 19

bacteria, gram - soil microorganisms

Question 20

Bothe glycolysis and etner end with __ molecules of pyruvate, require ______ in the beginning, etner uses ________ instead of a second ATP molecule like in glycolysis

Answer 20

2, ATP, NADP+

Question 20

what are the differences between glycolysis and the etner-douderoff pathway?

Answer 20

differences in the first four steps only
EDP uses NADPH which gets funneled into the anabolic pathways to build things up
end products of EDP are 2 pyruvate, 1 G3P, 2 ATP (1 Net)
Glycolysis uses glucose
end products are 2 pyruvate, 2 G3P, 4 ATP (2 Net)

Question 20

T/F the pentose phosphate pathway is found in all organisms

Answer 20

true

Question 20

The pentose phosphate pathway starts with ___________, has a few steps and then forms _____________. These few steps in between form 6 _______ molecules for anabolic pathways

Answer 20

glucose-6-phosphate, ribulose-5- phosphate, NADPH

Question 21

When do organisms switch to using the pentose phosphate pathway instead of glycolysis? what can it make?

Answer 21

when we need more anabolic molecules to build things, we can make glucose and some intermediates will make ATP

Question 22

the multi enzyme ________ complex oxidizes and cleaves pyruvate.

Answer 22

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 23

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex produces _________ and _________ after two pyruvate molecules go through it

Answer 23

2 CO2, 2 NADH

Question 24

After the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex we have a ____________ group remaining that binds to coenzyme ___, this forms ___________ the starting material for the TCA cycle

Answer 24

2-carbon acetyl, A, acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

Question 25

What is the first step of the TCA cycle

Answer 25

oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA forming citric acid with the release of coenzyme A (effectively recycling it)

Question 26

What is the second step of the TCA cycle

Answer 26

citrate is converted to isocitrate

Question 27

What is the third step of the TCA cycle

Answer 27

isocitrate is dehydrogenated and NAD is reduced to NADH - forming alpna-ketoglutarate which releases CO2

Question 28

What is step 4 of the TCA cycle?

Answer 28

coenzyme A binds to alpha-ketoglutarate causing dehydrogenation and NAD is reduced to NADH - forming energy rich succinyl-CoA and releasing Carbon dioxide

Question 29

What is the summary of the first half of the TCA cycle?

Answer 29

the break down of carbons

Question 30

Why is the second half of the TCA cycle necessary?

Answer 30

to regenerate oxaloacetate to start the cycle again and to also extract more energy from these intermediate molecules

Question 31

What is step 5 of the TCA cycle

Answer 31

succinyl CoA can phosphorylate ADP to make ATP and succinate

Question 32

What is step 6 of TCA cycle

Answer 32

succinate is dehydrogenated and FAD is reduced forming FADH2 and fumurate

Question 33

What is step 7 and 8 of the TCA cycle

Answer 33

water is added to fumarate to form malate, malate is dehydrogenated reducing NAD to NADH and oxaloacetate is formed

Question 34

What is the main summary of the second half of the TCA cycle?

Answer 34

make ATP and succinate, FADH2 and succinate, produce NADH

Question 35

What are the products of the TCA cycle? how many pyruvate molecules are used to complete this?

Answer 35

2 pyruvate molecules are used
6 CO2, ^ NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP made