Exam 2 Review

Question 1

Which is true of bacteria that can form endospores?
a. most are gram negative organisms found in soil
B. a popular endospore forming bacterial genus is escherichia
C. they are common to archael microorganisms
D. formation often occurs and is triggered by the loss of a secondary energy source
E. none of the above

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which is true of the sporulation process?
a. the process begins with cell division along the midpoint of the cell into pre-sporeand mother cell
b. after the division, the mother cell engulfs the pre-spore
c. the cell is committed to the sporulation process once the formation of the three external layers begins
d. the sporulation process is longer, usually 20-24 hours while the germination process is slower, taking around 10-12 hours
e all of the above are true
F. none of the above are true

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is true regarding the entner-doudoroff pathway?
A pyruvate is still the only end product
B. an intermediate does feed into the second half of the traditional glycolytic pathway
C. net ATP is one molecule
d. NADH is generated
E. all of the above are true
F. none of the above are true

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which does not occur in the second half of the TCA cycle?
A. generation of 2 molecules of ATP
B. generation of 6 molecules of NADH
C. Generation of 2 molecules of FADH2
D. Generation of oxaloacetate
E. all of the above occur
F. none of the above

Answer 4

B

Question 5

Storage bodies of organic or inorganic material that function to store energetic molecules or structural building blocks are known as ______

Answer 5

Inclusion Bodies

Question 6

What is true of the fermentative pathways?
A. the starting sugar is completely broken down
B. generation of ATP only occurs through substrate level phosphorylation
C. pyruvate is always the electron acceptor
D. bacteria are significantly going to slow down their growth rates
E. all of the above are true
F. none of the above are true

Answer 6

B

Question 7

The cortex of endospore is composed of ______

Answer 7

loosely linked peptidoglycan

Question 8

T/F the exosporium consists of 4-5 proteinaceous layers making it hard for toxic chemicals to permeate the spore

Answer 8

false

Question 9

DNA within an endospore is protected by ______, binding to the DNA and causing ______.

Answer 9

Small acid soluble proteins, conformational change B -> A

Question 10

T/F it is hard to differentiate between an endospore and its vegetative counterpart because many of the external proteins are the same

Answer 10

false

Question 11

T/F carriers within the electron transport chain are arranged in order of increasing reduction potential

Answer 11

true

Question 12

A bacteria that depends on CO2 for its source of carbon is known as an ______.

Answer 12

autotroph

Question 13

T/F each complex within the traditional electron transport chain contributes protons to the external side of the membrane

Answer 13

False

Question 14

______ are organic compounds that are essential cell components or precursor components that cannot be synthesized by the cell. The most common example of one of these would ______, which are considered micronutrients because they function as ______________.

Answer 14

Growth factors, vitamins, enzyme cofactors

Question 15

If the change in free energy (delta G) is positive then the reaction is said to be ______ which means that energy is _______.

Answer 15

Endergonic, used

Question 16

Enzymes are catalysts and increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing the _______ associated with the reaction. Enzymes bind their substrates within ________ which could allow tension onto bonds of the substrate or _________________.

Answer 16

activation energy, active sites, create a proper microenvironment

Question 17

T/F The ATP synthase is very similar in structure across all three domains

Answer 17

T

Question 18

The area of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is aggregated is referred to as the ________. Prokaryotes also tend to maintain extrachromosomal pieces of DNA known as ________.

Answer 18

nucleoids, plasmids

Question 19

Provide one example of an internal cellular structure that allows planktonic bacteria to move within a water column

Answer 19

gas vesicles

Question 20

To help organize the half reactions that can participate in redox reactions, all half reactions are written as _________

Answer 20

reductions

Question 21

The second half of glycolysis begins with two molecules of _________ and ends with the production of two molecules of _______. Just considering the second half of glycolysis, there are _____ (number) of molecules of ATP generated and _____ (number) molecules of NADH generated.

Answer 21

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, pyruvate, 4, 2,

Question 22

Ribulose-5-phosphate is an important intermediate within the _________ pathway, an alternative to the glycolytic pathway. This pathway provides no ATP but a significant amount of _______, which is important in ______________.

Answer 22

pentose phosphate, NADPH, Anabolic reactions

Question 23

The classical glycolytic pathway that we talked about in class and you studied previously in other classes is really known as the _____

Answer 23

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas

Question 24

Bacteria within the ___________ genus are known to undergo the ___________ reaction in which one amino acid will donate electrons to another amino acid which will also be the final electron acceptor

Answer 24

-Clostridium
-Stickland

Question 25

To actually start the TCA cycle after the intermediary step __________ will interact with the first component of the TCA cycle , _________

Answer 25

acetyl, oxaloacetate

Question 26

The majority of the bacteria within the Enterobacteriaceae family undergo either ______ or ______ fermentation. Please describe the fermentation by-products for ONE of the two fermentation pathways you just provided

Answer 26

Mixed acid fermentation, Butanediol

Mixed acid - ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, and formic acid

Butanediol - butanediol, large amounts of ethanol, small amount of lactic and formic acid.

Question 27

please provide two unique characteristics of prokaryotic electron transport chains compared to eukaryotic chains

Answer 27

prokaryotic: plasma membrane, more diversity in the carriers, can be branched, can be shorter
Eukaryotic: mitochondrial membrane, less diversity in the carriers

Question 28

__________ and __________ are important for anchoring the FtsZ ring to the cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 28

-LipA
-FtsA

Question 29

Is the following statement most likely true or false? Dipicolinic acid and calcium aid in keeping the core of an endospore protected from heat

Answer 29

True
-they work together to dehydrate the cell so it results in a conformational change of the bacteria (B-DNA to A-DNA).
-Small acid soluble proteins alter the ph
so that that sasps bind DNA in B form changing DNA to the A form making DNA wider and thicker which provides protection.

Question 31

explain why iron-sulfur can be found in different location in the electron transport chain

Answer 31

Due to the varying arrangements of the prosthetic groups which allows for varying reduction potentials

Question 32

please explain why adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an energy rich molecule but adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is not.

Answer 32

ATP and ADP have phosphoanhydride bonds with -32 Kj/mol which is more exergonic than -30kj/mol. While each AMP has an ester bond with -13.8KJ/mol.

Question 33

explain why rotation is necessary to ATP production

Answer 33

due to the rotation, the beta subunits change conformation allowing them to bind ADP and Pi, further rotation synthesizes ATP and its release.

Question 34

arabinogalactan and phenolic glycolipids are unique to the cell wall found within what bacterial genus?

Answer 34

mycobacterium

Question 35

when referring to ribosomes and their subunits, what does the S stand for and define the term

Answer 35

svedberg units, it is the sedimentation rate under acceleration

Question 36

In the redox reaction involving S^0/H2S (reduction potential: -0.28V) and chlorobenzate/benzoate (reduction potential: +0.3V) and the exchange of 2 electrons:
a. which molecule will donate electrons? ____ which will accept electrons?____

Answer 36

H2S, Chlorobenzoate-

Question 37

T/F, rotation begins due to protons moving into the F1 multisubunit complex

Answer 37

F, F0