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Microbiology > Exam 3 Review - TY > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review - TY Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F: Euk. and prokaryotes share a very similiar system of binary fission

A

FALSE

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1
Q

BLANK is the division of one cell to two cells

A

Binary fission

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2
Q

What are some key things that happen in Binary fission?

A
  • DNA replication
  • Cell elongation
  • Septum Formation
  • Completion of Septum formation
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3
Q

BLANK shares a similar system to the spindles of Euk. They are found in BLANK environments, and (ARE/ARE NOT) our normal pathogenic bacteria.

A
  • Caulobacter (stalked bacteria)
  • Soil environments
  • ARE NOT
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4
Q

Caulobacter use a BLANK system (partitioning system)

A

Par

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5
Q

At replication initiation, we see anchoring of what? And where?

A
  • anchoring of parent chromosome to one pole of cell
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6
Q

BLANK proteins localized to the stalked pole

A

PopZ

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7
Q

BLANK bind to a BLANK sequence within original chromosome

A
  • ParB
  • ParS
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8
Q

Once ParB is bound to ParS, a conformational change occurs and BLANK binds, anchoring them to one side

A
  • PopZ
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9
Q

As replication goes on, BLANK will be able to find another BLANK sequence. If PopZ is already taken up, ParB will bind to BLANK, using energy to move ParB to the other pole

A
  • Par B
  • ParS
  • Par A
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10
Q

What is ParA?

A

ATPase, motor protein that binds to ParB and uses energy to move ParB to the other pole

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11
Q

What is our “pathogenic” Bacteria that exhibits replication toward the end?

A

E. coli

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12
Q

E.coli (pathogenic) exhibit seperation toward the end of replication. How do they unlink/separate chromosomes that are intertwined in the rings? (Structural maintenance of chromosome complex)

A
  • Topoisomerase IV (cuts/unlinks)
  • MukBEF proteins
    (grab onto chromosomes and separates them as they gravitate to poles)
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13
Q

BLANK cuts/unlinks chromosomes

A

Topoisomerase IV

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14
Q

BLANK grab chromosomes and seperate them as they gravitate toward poles

A

MukBEF proteins

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15
Q

What are the steps of Septation?

A
  1. Select Site
  2. Formation of FtsZ ring and Divisome formation
  3. Anchor FtsZ to plasma membrane
  4. Assemble cell wall
    synthesizing machinery
  5. Constriction of cell and septum
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16
Q

Where is the location of Septation?

A
  • exact midpoint of the cell
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17
Q

Septation at the midpoint occurs in BLANK shaped bacteria, BLANK work slightly different.

A

Rod

Cocci

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18
Q

What 3 proteins are used in the selection of site (septum)

A
  • MinC + D
  • MinE
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19
Q

What proteins oscillate on an intracellular track? Where is the lowest and highest concentrations of these?

A

MinC + D

  • Highest concentration at the poles, lowest at the exact midpoint
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20
Q

What proteins makes up the intracellular track for the selection of site (septum)?

A

MinE

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21
Q

In the exact midpoint, BLANK molecules are inserted, and the FtsZ ring is formed.

A
  • FtsZ
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22
Q

The Divisome includes other proteins, list them (4).

A
  1. FtsA
  2. ZipA
  3. FtsK
  4. FtsI
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23
Q

T/F: In terms of elongation, we have multiple sites

A

True

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24
Q

(Divisome): Blank and BLANK are cell membrane anchors

A

FtsA and ZipA

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25
Q

(Divisome): BLANK binds to chromosomes, holding them in place

A

FtsK

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26
Q

(Divisome): BLANK is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis

A

FtsI

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27
Q

Note on Fts proteins:
Z =
A =
I =
K =

A

FtsZ = Midpoint
FtsA = Anchor
FtsI = Pep synth.
FtsK = Holds chromosomes together

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28
Q

BLANK is the site of cell wall synthesis and contains BLANK

A

MreB sites

Elongasomes

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29
Q

BLANK associates with the plasma membrane, holds the cell in the right shape, and has additional sites of peptidoglycan synthesis.

A

Elongasomes

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30
Q

MreB is homologous to BLANK

A

Actin

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31
Q

For cell wall synthesis, we should be thinking what?

A

Cell wall elongation, in terms of peptidoglycan

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32
Q

What are the four steps that occur at elongasomes for elongation to occur?

A
  1. Autolysin Activity (CLEAVAGE)
  2. Bactoprenol
    (NEED TO FEED IN PEPTIDOGLYCAN PRECURSORS)
  3. Glycosylase Activity
    (GLUE)
  4. Transpeptidation
    (ENZYME THAT FACILITATES CROSSLINKING)
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33
Q

BLANK activity is cell lysis in a controlled manner. It cleaves at BLANK linkages between BLANK and BLANK

A
  • Autolysin
  • B1,4-glycosidic linkages
  • NAG and NAM
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34
Q

BLANK facilitates precursor transport across the hydrophobic membrane. BLANK has 5 amino acids attached, list these.

A
  • Bacteroprenol
  • NAM

L-Alanine
D-Glutamic Acid
DAP
D-Alanine
D-Alanine

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35
Q

BLANK activity pastes in the BLANK and BLANK in the peptidoglycan into the cleavage point. (This is for sugars, not a protease)

A
  • Glycosylase
  • NAG and NAM
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36
Q

BLANK is an enzyme that crosslinks peptides between BLANK. This requires energy, which is obtained from the removal of an extra BLANK.

A

Transpeptidation

  • NAM
  • fuck u Brady
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37
Q

Give an example of a Transpeptidation enzyme.

A

Transpeptidase (FtsI)

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38
Q

What is a good target for antibiotics?

A

Peptidoglycan

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39
Q

Penicillin targets BLANK, specifically BLANK to prevent crosslinking. This lack of crosslinking keeps BLANK active.

A
  • Transpeptidase
  • FtsI
  • Autolysin
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40
Q

With penicillin, where are mutations that help resistance usually observed?

A

FtsI since this is where penicillin targets

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41
Q

BLANK inhibits transpeptidase, but does not bind to BLANK, instead, targets Amino Acids, specifically BLANK to prevent extra energy.

A
  • Vancomycin
  • FtsI
  • D-Alanine
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42
Q

Mutations that help resistance to Vancomycin, are usually observed in BLANK, which changes it to BLANK.

A
  • D-Alanine
  • D-Lactate
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43
Q

Rods have multiple sites of elongation, while Cocci do not. This is due to them lacking BLANK.

Absence of this allows FtsZ ring to become the BLANK and BLANK center.

A
  • MreB
  • Divisome
  • Elongation center
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44
Q

What do antibiotics target?

A

Peptidoglycan synthesis

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45
Q

T/F: Cells must be actively growing or antibiotics will have no effect

A

True

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46
Q

Do antibiotics effect the existing peptidoglycan?

A

No

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47
Q

BLANK are big networks, mushroom like organizations of bacteria. The BLANK layer is usually growing, while the other is dormant.

A
  • Biofilms
  • Outer layer
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48
Q

Bacterial populations exhibit BLANK growth, rate is BLANK, and BLANK.

A
  • Exponential growth
  • Constant rate / Linear
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49
Q

What is the formula for Number of Bacteria

A

N = N0 x 2^n

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50
Q

What is the formula for mean growth rate / generation/Hr?

A

LogNt - LogN0 / Log2 (t)

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51
Q

What does log(2) = ?

A

0.301

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52
Q

Explain a Batch culture

A
  • closed system
  • specified amount of nutrients, air, media, etc.
  • usually uses test tubes with a cap

**What they start with is all they get

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53
Q

What are the 4 phases of a batch culture growth curve?

A
  1. Lag Phase
  2. Exponential Phase
  3. Stationary Phase
  4. Death Phase
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54
Q

Which phase is the shortest?

A

Lag phase

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55
Q

What factors dictate the lag phase?

A
  • length depends on the initial culture used to inoculate
  • most primed vs. starving state
  • most acclimated = faster
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56
Q

One bacteria are primed, they enter the BLANK phase.

A

Exponential phase

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57
Q

What phase are bacteria living at maximum potential? (Access to the most nutrients)

A

Exponential phase

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58
Q

Once bacteria hit their plateau, what phase do they leave and enter?

A

Leave Exponential phase

Enter Stationary phase

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59
Q

The stationary phase is where we have what in terms of growth and death rates?

A

They are equal rates for growth and death.

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60
Q

What factors accumulate in the stationary phase?

A
  • Waste products build up (Acids, etc)
  • Less space
  • Less nutrients
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61
Q

What marks the end of the stationary phase?

A

Waste products become so high that growth is declining

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62
Q

What phase is the longest?

A

Death phase

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63
Q

Explain some features of the death phase

A
  • longest phase
  • more death than reproduction
  • Exponential rate but not nearly as steep as exponential growth phase
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64
Q

As the environment degrades in the stationary phase, what type of cells do we see forming?

A

Persister cells

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65
Q

What two features do the pesister cells exhibit that contribute to their lifespan?

A
  1. Starvation mode (protection)
  2. Cryptic growth (maintainence)
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66
Q

Persister cells go into a starvation mode, where they upregulate proteins. What does this cause and what proteins are observed? What do these proteins do?

A

Increase crosslinking in peptidoglycan

  • Chaperone proteins
    (protect DNA and bind enzymes to prevent denaturing)
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67
Q

How do persister cells “Maintain”?

A
  • go into a cryptic growth
  • Some cells go into a programmed cell death to provide energy for others
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68
Q

Persister cells can also go into what state? Can they come out of this?

A
  • Viable but Non-culturable State (VBNC)
  • they can come out of this if nutrients become available again
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69
Q

When using the viable count method, what is needed? How are they counted at the end?

A
  • Known number of organisms (start)
  • Counted using serial dilutions
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70
Q

Instead of bacteria/ml, what do we use?

A

cfu/ml

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71
Q

cfu/ml = ?

A

cfu/ml = plate count x DF x 1/ amount plated

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72
Q

What are some negatives of Viable cell count (plating method)?

A
  • limited in what we can grow
  • count colonies not individual bacteria
  • Takes more time
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73
Q

What does the Direct (total) cell count use?

A
  • Microscopes
  • Hemocytometer
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74
Q

Are dilutions still needed in the Direct cell count method?

A

Yes

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75
Q

In the Direct (total) cell count, microscopes and BLANK are used. The sample is placed in a 4x4 square, observed and individual BLANK are counted, taking the average. The last step is to use BLANK as they are still needed.

A
  • Hemocytometer
  • bacteria
  • Dilutions
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76
Q

What method counts individual bacteria?

A

Direct (total) cell count

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77
Q

What method is easier to count, and counts both dead and alive cells?

A

Direct (total) cell count method

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78
Q

Which method would likely give a smaller cell count? Why?

A

Viable count method would give a smaller number since its counting colonies, rather than individual bacteria in the Direct (total) cell count. Direct also count alive and dead.

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79
Q

An indirect measurement of growth, BLANK, uses a BLANK to determine bacterial concentrations. TO achieve this, a BLANK is needed to compare numbers. What is a negative for this?

A

Turbidity

  • spectrophotometer
  • Standard curve
  • The negative is, we need a standard curve, which means we cannot use this method for new bacteria
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80
Q

What is a new method for cell counting?

A

Flow Cytometer

81
Q

The Flow cytometer uses BLANK focusing, and creates very thin samples to go in front of a detector, BLANK cell at a time.

A
  • Hydrodynamic focusing
  • one cell at a time
82
Q

T/F: You can use several types of cells with a flow cytometer

A

True

83
Q

In flow cytometer, what gives us cell size?

A
  • Forward light scatter
84
Q

In flow cytometer, BLANK light scatter gives us Cell BLANK (density inside the cell).

A
  • Side light scatter
  • Granularity
85
Q

Cell granularity is often measured in BLANK cells. This is used to see highly granulated vs. non-granulated cells.

A

Immune cells

86
Q

What are the Four biggest features of Flow Cytometer?

A
  1. Cell Size
  2. Cell Granularity
  3. Cell Sorting
  4. Immunofloresence
87
Q

A chemostat is used to examine BLANK interests.

A

Metabolic

87
Q

BLANK is a continuous culture system.

A

Chemostat

88
Q

What factors can we control in a Chemostat?

A
  • Specific growth rate
  • Cell density
89
Q

What controls the specific growth rate in the chemostat?

A

Dilution rate: Rate at which new media is added and old media is removed

89
Q

What controls cell density in the Chemostat?

A

Use of a limiting nutrient

  • keep one nutrient at a specific level to make sure population does not get out of hand
90
Q

4 environmental factors that effect microbial growth

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH
  3. Osmolarity
  4. Oxygen
91
Q

Can bacteria thermoregulate?

A

No

92
Q

BLANK is the range (min, opt, max) of temperatures for bacteria.

A

Cardinal range

93
Q

The Cardinal range is usually what?

A

15-40 degrees

94
Q

What factors dictate cardinal range?

A
  1. Enzymes (more max range)
  2. Cell membrane (more min range)
95
Q

Cell membrane is involved with BLANK of the cell.

A

Fluidity

96
Q

The minimum temperature is defined what?

A

Cell membrane

  • Slower / less movement in cytoplasm
97
Q

The optimum temperature is closer to the BLANK temperature. Why?

A

Maximum

We need fluidity in the membrane, higher temps things move more

98
Q

Maximum temperature is defined by what?

A

Enzymes

  • higher temps cause denaturing, which these help to prevent
99
Q

Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, and Archaea max temps

A

E = 65C
P = 95C
A = Over 95C

100
Q

BLANK live in colder temperatures, with smaller ranges

A

Psychrophile

101
Q

BLANK live in the optimal temp of 37C (our temp), and are often BLANK organisms.

A

Mesophiles

  • pathogenic
102
Q

What is in the middle between mesophile and hyperthermophile

A

thermophile

103
Q

What (higher) range are bacteria a part of ?

A

Hyperthermophile

104
Q

What (higher) range are archaea a part of ?

A

Hyperthermophile

105
Q

Psychrophiles have an optima of 15C or less. What changes do we see in their enzymes?

A

1.) More Alpha helices (increases flexibility) in Beta sheets

2.) More polar/less hydrophobic interactions (increases flexibility).
–> Hydrophobic interactions are very strong and cause rigidity, so decreasing is essential

3.) Cold shock proteins –> Chaperone proteins

–> Constitutive expression (always on)

106
Q

Psychrophiles have an optima of 15C or less. What changes do we see in their cell membrane?

A

Fatty acids are unsaturated and have shorter chains

107
Q

Psychrophiles have an optima of 15C or less. What changes do we see past enzymes and cell membrane?

A
  1. Cryoprotectants
    –> specific solutes like glycerol and sugars (offset freezing point)
  2. Exopolysaccharide
    –> layer on the outside to add insulation
108
Q

Psychrophiles have an optima of 15C or less. What changes do we see?

A
  1. Enzymes (Alpha helices, polar, cold-shock proteins)
  2. Cell membrane (FA)
  3. Cryoprotectants (solutes)
  4. Exopolysaccharide (insulation)
109
Q

BLANK grow in cooler temps like the fridge. Give an example.

A
  • Psychrotolerants
  • Listeria monocytogenes
110
Q

BLANK are commonly pathogenic

A

Mesophiles

111
Q

BLANK are found in direct sunlight, often in soil. Ranges 50-70C.

A

Thermophiles

112
Q

What changes do we observe in the enzymes of thermophiles?

A
  • highly hydrophobic interiors (adds rigidity)
  • Stabilizing solutes
    –> Di-inositolphosphate
    –> Diglyceride Phosphate
113
Q

What are the two stabalizing solutes used in thermophiles?

A
  • Di-inositolphosphate
  • Diglyceride Phosphate
114
Q

What changes to we observe in the cell membrane of thermophiles?

A
  • Fatty acids are saturated and have long chains

(increases melting point and hydrophobic interactions)

115
Q

BLANK are found in Hot springs, steam vents, range 100 - 500C and often contain Archaea. BLANK are expressed, creating what?

A

Hyperthermophiles

Biphatanol is expressed, creating a monolayer instead of a bilayer

116
Q

When talking about pH, is it external or internal that we focus on?

A

External, internal pH does not have alot of room to change.

117
Q

What pH range do we see inside the cell?

A

5-9

118
Q

Mesophiles are nutraphiles with a pH around BLANK. What two buffers do we commonly see, used in tissue culture?

A

pH = 7

  1. Sodium Bicarbonate
  2. Potassium Phosphate
119
Q

Blank are found in more acidic environment, having (MORE / LESS) Archaea than bacteria and a lower pH, usually below BLANK externally.

A

Acidophiles

  • More archaea than bacteria
  • external pH usually lower than 5.5
120
Q

How do Acidophiles deal with a low external pH ? (concentration gradient)

A
  • Transport cations into the cell to balance out (K+)
  • Proton transporters (pump protons back out)
  • Highly impermeable membranes (barrier)
121
Q

BLANK are in more basic/alkalinity environments that have a high pH. How do they deal with this?

A

Alkaphiles

  • Sodium motive force
122
Q

In basic environments, the concentration of H is BLANK. In acidic environments, the concentration of H is BLANK.

A

Low

High

123
Q

BLANK = lots of solutes inside

A

Hypotonic

124
Q

BLANK = lots of solutes outside

A

Hypertonic

125
Q

How do bacteria deal with hypotonic conditions?

A
  • Mechanosensitive channels that put pressure on the membrane
  • dump solutes out
126
Q

How do bacteria deal with hypertonic conditions?

A
  • Compatible solutes that are highly water-soluble solutes

Ex: Sugars (sucrose, trehalose), AA derivitaves

127
Q

Are compatible solutes universal across species?

A

No, they are controlled genetically and range, which can be used to categorize species.

128
Q

What is a consideration for hypertonic, specifically the compatible solutes and metabolism?

A

They cannot interfere with metabolism and reactions that take place in the cell

129
Q

What are some compatible solutes?

A
  • Sugars (Sucrose, trehalose)
  • Amino acid derivatives
130
Q

BLANK grow optimally when in the presence of NaCl.

A

Halophiles

131
Q

The presence of BLANK dictates growth of halophiles

A

NaCl

132
Q

Range for a Mild Halophile:
Compound type:

A

1-6%

Organic compounds

133
Q

Range for a Moderate Halophile:
Compound type:

A

7-15%

Organic compounds

134
Q

Range for a Extreme halophile:
Compound type:

A

15-30%

Inorganic compound: KCl

135
Q

BLANK organisms grow best in the ABSENCE of NaCl but can withstand a small concentration in the environment

A

Halotolerant

136
Q

What is tied directly with metabolism?

A

Oxygen

137
Q

BLANK requires gaseous oxygen for metabolism

A

Aerobe

138
Q

BLANK cannot withstand atmospheric oxygen levels but REQUIRE a low level of oxygen. What is this range>

A

Microaerophile

2-10% O2

139
Q

BLANK do not use oxygen in metabolism. The first type, BLANK will not use oxygen, but can withstand its presence, the second, BLANK cannot be around it at all (deadly).

A

Anaerobes

  • Aerotolerant
  • Obligate/strict
140
Q

BLANK use oxygen in respiration but can also live without it

A

Facultative anaerobes

141
Q

With facultative anaerobes, do they prefer oxygen or another source for the for metabolism and why? What other pathways are available if O2 is not.

A

Oxygen is preferred as it releases more energy.

  • Fermentation (No ETC)
  • Anaerobic respiration (use ETC)
142
Q

BLANK broth is whats used to detect types of metabolism in bacteria

A

Thioglycollate broth

143
Q

What three factors are used Thioglycollate broth

A
  1. Sodium thioglycolate
  2. Redox indicator
  3. Small amount of agar
144
Q

BLANK is used to reduce oxygen

A

Sodium thioglycollate

145
Q

With the redox indicator:
Pink =
Yellow =

A

Pink = O2 present
Yellow = no O2

146
Q

Why is a small amount of agar used?

A

allows for fluidity but still limits O2

147
Q

Where do aerobes grow?

A

Just at the top (pink layer only)

148
Q

Where do facultative anaerobes grow?

A

Everywhere, but with bias to the top where oxygen is present

149
Q

Where do obligae anaerobes grow?

A

Heavy growth at bottom where no oxygen is present

150
Q

Where to aerotolerant grow?

A

No bias, even spread

151
Q

Oxygen can be turned into toxic byproducts referred to as BLANK

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

152
Q

Why are reactive oxygen species harmful?

A

They are highly reactive and can react with proteins and everything around them, denaturing them

153
Q

What are some examples of ROS

A
  1. Singlet oxygen (O)
  2. Superoxide anion (O2-)
  3. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
  4. Hydroxyl radical (OH)
154
Q

What ROS species are usually the first to be produced?

A
  • Superoxide anion (O2-)
  • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
155
Q

What is the most potent ROS?

A
  • Hydroxyl radical (OH)
156
Q

How do bacteria protect themselves against ROS?

A

Enzymes to destroy toxic compounds

157
Q

Give an enzyme used to destroy toxic ROS. What does this produce? And what fixes this ?

A

Superoxide dismutase (for superoxide anion)

  • produces hydrogen peroxide
  • Catalase or Peroxidase is needed to destroy hydrogen peroxide
158
Q

What (3) components in the ETC react with oxygen to create ROS?

A
  • Flavoproteins
  • Quinones
  • Iron-sulfur proteins
159
Q

What do aerotolerant organisms use instead of enzymes against ROS?

A

Protein-free manganese complexes

160
Q

What do strict anaerobes use against ROS?

A

Superoxide reductase

  • oxygen is not released as a product
  • organisms cannot live around oxygen
161
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes
Geometry:
Number of chromosomes:
Amount of chromosomes:

A
  • linear
  • more than one
  • large number
162
Q

Why do euk have a larger amount of chromosomes?

A

Lots of non-coding DNA

Sexual reproduction = 2 copies of every gene

163
Q

What percent of euk genome is non-coding DNA?

A

90%

164
Q

Prokaryotic chromosomes
Geometry:
Number of chromosomes:
Amount of chromosomes:

A
  • circular
  • usually only have one
  • smaller numbers
165
Q

why do prok have smaller numbers of DNA?

A

Binary fission = one copy of every gene

Small number of non-coding DNA

166
Q

what percent of genome is non-coding DNA in prok

A

less than 10%

167
Q

DNA =

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

168
Q

DNA is a polymer of BLANK, which are composed of a BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK.

A

Nucleotides

Pentose sugar

Phosphate

Nitrogenous base

169
Q

What gives DNA its negative charge

A

Phosphate

170
Q

What are the two forms of Nitrogenous bases?

A

Purines (AG)
Pyrimidines (TC)

171
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine
Guanine

172
Q

What are the pyrimidines

A

Thymine
Cytosine

173
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between C-G and A-T?

A

C-G = 3
A-T = 2

174
Q

Vegetative cells are in the BLANK form DNA

A

B-form

175
Q

One helical turn =

A

10 base pairs

176
Q

One helical turn creates BLANK and BLANK grooves

A

Major and Minor

177
Q

A-form DNA has BLANK base pairs per helical turn, making it more compact

A

11

178
Q

What is the largest component in a bacterial cell? What is second?

A

Peptidoglycan

DNA

179
Q

In Euk, DNA is stored within the BLANK, while Prok store it in BLANK.

A

Nucleus

Nucleoid region

180
Q

Condensing of bacterial DNA is facilitated by BLANK DNA into BLANK.

A

Supercoiling

Domains

181
Q

The BLANK manner twists in the opposite direction of the right-handed double helix, causing supercoiling

A

Negative

182
Q

BLANK are enzymes that either insert or remove supercoiling

A

Topoisomerases

183
Q

Topoisomerases are separated into two classes. Explain them.

A

Class 1: Nick one strand of the chromosome
–> Single protein, nicks single strand

Class 2: Nick both strands of chromosome
–> Multi-subunit complex, nick both strands

184
Q

With class 2 topoisomerases, what is most common for insertion?

A

DNA Gyrase

185
Q

Does Supercoiling require energy?

A

Yes

186
Q

BLANK are positively-charged proteins that bind to DNA and stablize them into BLANK

A

Histone-like proteins

  • Domains
187
Q

What is similiar about Euk and Prok Histones / histone like proteins

A

The (+) charge associated, thats it

  • this allows interaction with the (-) charged DNA
188
Q

BLANK help with regulation and only expose what we need, when we need it

A

Domains

189
Q

Eukarya: DNA is wound around clusters of histone (#), forming structures called BLANK

A
  • 8 histones
  • nucleosomes
190
Q

Archaea: Histones form clusters of (#), and utalize BLANK with DNA gyrase being most common.

A
  • 4
  • Topoisomerase
191
Q

BLANK contain reverse DNA gyrase

A

Hyperthermophiles- Archaeal

192
Q

Are histone-fold present in Euk, Arch, and Bact?

A
  • Euk: Present, including ends
  • Archaea: Present, only center
  • Bacteria: Not present
193
Q

Histone clusters (#) in Euk and Archaea

A

Euk = 8

Arch = 4

194
Q

Topoisomerase expression in Euk, Arch, and Bacteria

A

Euk: Not expressed = good target for anti-biotics

Archaea: Some do some don’t (Usually DNA gyrase)

Bacteria: Usually class 2 (DNA gyrase)

195
Q

Hyperthermophiles contain reverse DNA gyrase (positive supercoiling instead of negative). How does this help them?

A

High heat can cause denaturing. Positive supercoiling makes it harder to open up (much tighter).

They also have biphatenol = monolayer

196
Q

Topoisomerase is a good target for anti-biotics. What are two examples of Quinolones?

A
  1. Ciprofloxacin
  2. Nalidixic acid
197
Q

What doe quinolones target?

A

Topoisomerase, specifically DNA gyrase (most common)

Microbiology (30 decks)

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