Nutrition and Enzymes

Question 1

What is nutrition?

Answer 1

the process by which nutrients are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities such as metabolism and growth

Question 2

T/F micronutrients are needed in large quantities

Answer 2

false

Question 3

What are some common macronutrients?

Answer 3

C,H,N,O,P,S

Question 4

Macronutrients are needed in _________ quantities and are regarded as the ______ _________ of the cell.

Answer 4

large, building blocks

Question 5

What are some common micronutrients?

Answer 5

Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu

Question 6

T/F trace metals are typically associated with enzymes?

Answer 6

T

Question 7

What are growth factors?

Answer 7

organic compounds that are essential cell components or precursor components that cannot be synthesized by the cell

Question 8

T/F all microbes can make all necessary growth factors, explain why

Answer 8

false, some can, others obtain from the environment

Question 9

T/F growth factors are considered micronutrients, and are absolutely necessary

Answer 9

T

Question 10

What are the 3 main categories of growth factors?

Answer 10

amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, vitamins

Question 11

What are the most common growth factors?

Answer 11

vitamins

Question 12

When associated with enzymes, growth factors are called enzyme _______

Answer 12

cofactors

Question 13

T/F carbon makes up 50% of a microbes dry weight

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Carbon is the ________ of all macromolecules (proteins, lipids, sugars)

Answer 14

backbone

Question 15

If a bacterium uses organic compounds such as amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars as a carbon source they are classified as ____________

Answer 15

heterotrophs

Question 16

If a bacterium uses inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide, mineral deposits, and calcium carbonate as a carbon source they are classified as ___________

Answer 16

autotorophs

Question 17

What are the three sources of energy?

Answer 17

organic compounds, inorganic compounds, and light

Question 18

In an organism uses organic compounds as a source of energy they are called ______

Answer 18

chemoorganotrophs

Question 19

In an organism uses inorganic compounds as a source of energy they are called _______

Answer 19

chemolithotrophs

Question 20

In energy is extracted from compounds in the presence of oxygen it is called an _________

Answer 20

aerobe

Question 21

if energy is extracted from compounds in the absence of oxygen it is called an ________

Answer 21

anaerobe

Question 22

if an organism uses light as a source of energy they are called _______

Answer 22

phototrophs

Question 23

What is oxygenic photosynthesis? What kind of bacteria do this?

Answer 23

photosynthesis where oxygen is produces, cyanobacteria

Question 24

what is anoxygenic photosynthesis?

Answer 24

photosynthesis where oxygen is not produced as a byproduct

Question 25

What is free energy?

Answer 25

the energy available to do work

Question 26

What does it mean in delta G is negative, what kind of reaction is this?

Answer 26

the reaction proceeds with the release of free energy, exergonic (catabolic reaction)

Question 27

What happens during catabolic reactions?

Answer 27

things are broken down

Question 28

What does it mean in delta G is positive, what kind of reaction is this?

Answer 28

the reaction requires energy to proceed, endergonic (anabolic reactions)

Question 29

What happens during anabolic reactions?

Answer 29

things are made

Question 30

Enzymes are usually _______ catalysts

Answer 30

protein

Question 31

What is the function of enzymes?

Answer 31

lower activation energy for reactions to proceeds

Question 32

a _________ lowers the activation energy of a reaction and thus increases the rate of a reaction

Answer 32

catalyst

Question 33

What are some ways enzymes can lower activation energy and increase reaction rate?

Answer 33

align reactive groups
places strain on specific bonds
creates the correct microenvironment for reactants

Question 34

Substrates are brought together at a specific site within the enzyme known as the _________

Answer 34

active site

Question 35

What two models are there for enzyme/substrate interactions?

Answer 35

induced fit
lock and key

Question 36

What are ribozymes

Answer 36

RNA molecules that act as catalysts

Question 37

T/F enzymes are one and done and cannot be reused

Answer 37

False!!

Question 38

what are 5 properties of enzymes?

Answer 38

increase reaction rates
can be recycled
much larger than substrates
can be regulated
affected by temperature and pH

Question 39

Why is it important for enzymes to be regulated?

Answer 39

it is not ideal for all reactions to run all the time, energetically costly

Question 40

What happens to enzymes when the temperature is too high?

Answer 40

they denature

Question 41

many enzymes will contain small nonprotein molecules called ________ that participate in catalysis but are not themselves the substrates

Answer 41

cofactors

Question 42

what are prosthetic groups?

Answer 42

cofactors that tend to be firmly attached and involve metal ions

Question 43

what are coenzymes?

Answer 43

cofactors that are loosely attached and typically involve vitamins