Redox Reactions and Respiration (Part 2)

Question 1

Obligate anaerobes only like ________ conditions

Answer 1

anoxic

Question 2

Clostridium bacteria can take ______, ___________, _________, and ferment them

Answer 2

sugars, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines

Question 3

Sacrolytic bacteria tend to ferment what? what do they form as a product?

Answer 3

sugars, tend to have butyrate/butryic acid

Question 4

What are stickland reactions?

Answer 4

when a pair of amino acids is used, one serving as the donor, one as the acceptor for fermentation and nothing else is used

Question 5

What is formed during butanediol fermentation?

Answer 5

butanediol, large amounts of ethanol, and small amounts of lactic and formic acids

Question 6

What is produced during mixed acid fermentation

Answer 6

some ethanol and acetic, lactic, succinic, formic acid

Question 7

The family enterobacteriaceae typically do _______ or ________ fermentation

Answer 7

mixed acid, butanediol

Question 8

What happens during alcoholic fermentation

Answer 8

pyruvate is decarboxylated (releasing CO2) into acetylaldehyde (electron acceptor), which donates electrons and forms ethanol

Question 9

What is the main difference between homolactic and heterolactic fermentation?

Answer 9

homolactic have aldolase, heterolactic does not

Question 10

What is produced during homolactic fermentation

Answer 10

only produces lactic acid

Question 11

What is produced during heterolactic fermentation

Answer 11

lactic acid, ethanol, CO2

Question 12

What does endogenous mean?

Answer 12

something a cell makes internally

Question 13

During fermentation, organisms achieve redox balance using and _________ electron acceptor, what is this acceptor typically?

Answer 13

endogenous, pyruvate or a pyruvate derivative

Question 14

T/F there is an electron transport chain associated with fermentation

Answer 14

false

Question 15

Organisms that undergo fermentation acheive energy only though substrate level __________

Answer 15

phosphorylation

Question 16

T/F fermentation can happen in anoxic conditions

Answer 16

T

Question 17

What happens during fermentation in anoxic conditions?

Answer 17

essentially go through glycolysis

Question 18

T/F sugars are completely broken down during fermentation

Answer 18

false, only go through glycolysis

Question 19

what are the three main products of fermentation (general)

Answer 19

alcohol, acid, CO2

Question 20

What happens during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 20

organic compounds go through glycolysis, TCA cycle, adn an electron transport chain to undergo oxidative phosphorylation, but the final electron acceptor is something other than oxygen

Question 21

What are some common electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 21

elemental sulfur, sulfate, nitrate

Question 22

Chemolithotrophs and chemoorganotrophs can undergo ________ and _______ respiration

Answer 22

anaerobic, aerobic

Question 23

T/F ATP synthase is irreversible, explain your answer

Answer 23

False, can use ATP synthase to make a proton motive force when in reverse

Question 24

ATP synthase is found in all ____ domains, and the structure is _______ conserved

Answer 24

3, highly

Question 25

What is ATP synthase?

Answer 25

a complex enzyme composed of two large units F0 and F1 embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 26

F0 is composed of __ multiprotein subunits, what are they?

Answer 26

3, a, b2, c12

Question 27

F1 is composed of __ multiprotein subunits, what are they?

Answer 27

α3, β3, γεδ (alpha3, beta3, gamma, epsilon, delta)

Question 28

the shuffling of protons through the a subunit of the ___ unit causes a rotation within the C proteins as well as the _____ subunits of the __ unit

Answer 28

F0, γε, F1

Question 29

Due to the rotation of the C proteins and γε subunits of F1, the ___ subunits change conformation allowing them to bind ______ and ____, further rotation synthesizes ______ and allows for its _______

Answer 29

beta, ADP and Pi, ATP, release

Question 30

where is complex II found? What is its reduction potential?

Answer 30

found after complex I, and before the quinone complex reduction potential is between that of iron sulfur protein and the quinone

Question 31

What are the 5 components of the electron transport chain in order?

Answer 31

NADH dehydrogenase, flavoproteins, iron sulfur proteins, cytochromes, quinones

Question 32

What are quinones, where are they found, what can they accept?

Answer 32

small hydrophobic molecules that lack a protein component, found primarily within the membrane, can accept electrons and protons

Question 33

flavoproteins contain a derivative of the vitamin _______ which is attached to a protein as a ________ group

Answer 33

riboflavin, prosthetic

Question 34

What do flavoproteins accept?

Answer 34

electrons and protons

Question 35

NADH dehydrogenase has an active site that binds _____

Answer 35

NADH

Question 36

What does NADH dehydrogenase accept? what happens after?

Answer 36

2 electrons, 2 protons. creates NAD+ which can then accept more electrons and protons

Question 37

What are iron-sulfur proteins

Answer 37

proteins that have prosthetic groups that contain iron and sulfur

Question 38

T/F iron-sulfur proteins carry electrons and protons, explain

Answer 38

false, carry only electrons

Question 39

What are some commonly seen arrangements of iron-sulfur protein? what does this allow for?

Answer 39

Fe2S2, Fe4S4 allows for varying reduction potentials

Question 40

What are cytochromes?

Answer 40

proteins that have heme (iron containing) prosthetic groups

Question 41

what are the classes of cytochromes? what does this allow for

Answer 41

a,b,c,d allows for variation in reduction potentials

Question 42

What do cytochromes carry?

Answer 42

electrons

Question 43

where are cytochromes typically seen?

Answer 43

at the end of the ETC