Redox Reactions and Respiration (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Obligate anaerobes only like ________ conditions

A

anoxic

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2
Q

Clostridium bacteria can take ______, ___________, _________, and ferment them

A

sugars, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines

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3
Q

Sacrolytic bacteria tend to ferment what? what do they form as a product?

A

sugars, tend to have butyrate/butryic acid

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4
Q

What are stickland reactions?

A

when a pair of amino acids is used, one serving as the donor, one as the acceptor for fermentation and nothing else is used

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5
Q

What is formed during butanediol fermentation?

A

butanediol, large amounts of ethanol, and small amounts of lactic and formic acids

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6
Q

What is produced during mixed acid fermentation

A

some ethanol and acetic, lactic, succinic, formic acid

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7
Q

The family enterobacteriaceae typically do _______ or ________ fermentation

A

mixed acid, butanediol

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8
Q

What happens during alcoholic fermentation

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated (releasing CO2) into acetylaldehyde (electron acceptor), which donates electrons and forms ethanol

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9
Q

What is the main difference between homolactic and heterolactic fermentation?

A

homolactic have aldolase, heterolactic does not

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10
Q

What is produced during homolactic fermentation

A

only produces lactic acid

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11
Q

What is produced during heterolactic fermentation

A

lactic acid, ethanol, CO2

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12
Q

What does endogenous mean?

A

something a cell makes internally

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13
Q

During fermentation, organisms achieve redox balance using and _________ electron acceptor, what is this acceptor typically?

A

endogenous, pyruvate or a pyruvate derivative

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14
Q

T/F there is an electron transport chain associated with fermentation

A

false

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15
Q

Organisms that undergo fermentation acheive energy only though substrate level __________

A

phosphorylation

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16
Q

T/F fermentation can happen in anoxic conditions

A

T

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17
Q

What happens during fermentation in anoxic conditions?

A

essentially go through glycolysis

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18
Q

T/F sugars are completely broken down during fermentation

A

false, only go through glycolysis

19
Q

what are the three main products of fermentation (general)

A

alcohol, acid, CO2

20
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration?

A

organic compounds go through glycolysis, TCA cycle, adn an electron transport chain to undergo oxidative phosphorylation, but the final electron acceptor is something other than oxygen

21
Q

What are some common electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration?

A

elemental sulfur, sulfate, nitrate

22
Q

Chemolithotrophs and chemoorganotrophs can undergo ________ and _______ respiration

A

anaerobic, aerobic

23
Q

T/F ATP synthase is irreversible, explain your answer

A

False, can use ATP synthase to make a proton motive force when in reverse

24
Q

ATP synthase is found in all ____ domains, and the structure is _______ conserved

25
What is ATP synthase?
a complex enzyme composed of two large units F0 and F1 embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane
26
F0 is composed of __ multiprotein subunits, what are they?
3, a, b2, c12
27
F1 is composed of __ multiprotein subunits, what are they?
α3, β3, γεδ (alpha3, beta3, gamma, epsilon, delta)
28
the shuffling of protons through the a subunit of the ___ unit causes a rotation within the C proteins as well as the _____ subunits of the __ unit
F0, γε, F1
29
Due to the rotation of the C proteins and γε subunits of F1, the ___ subunits change conformation allowing them to bind ______ and ____, further rotation synthesizes ______ and allows for its _______
beta, ADP and Pi, ATP, release
30
where is complex II found? What is its reduction potential?
found after complex I, and before the quinone complex reduction potential is between that of iron sulfur protein and the quinone
31
What are the 5 components of the electron transport chain in order?
NADH dehydrogenase, flavoproteins, iron sulfur proteins, cytochromes, quinones
32
What are quinones, where are they found, what can they accept?
small hydrophobic molecules that lack a protein component, found primarily within the membrane, can accept electrons and protons
33
flavoproteins contain a derivative of the vitamin _______ which is attached to a protein as a ________ group
riboflavin, prosthetic
34
What do flavoproteins accept?
electrons and protons
35
NADH dehydrogenase has an active site that binds _____
NADH
36
What does NADH dehydrogenase accept? what happens after?
2 electrons, 2 protons. creates NAD+ which can then accept more electrons and protons
37
What are iron-sulfur proteins
proteins that have prosthetic groups that contain iron and sulfur
38
T/F iron-sulfur proteins carry electrons and protons, explain
false, carry only electrons
39
What are some commonly seen arrangements of iron-sulfur protein? what does this allow for?
Fe2S2, Fe4S4 allows for varying reduction potentials
40
What are cytochromes?
proteins that have heme (iron containing) prosthetic groups
41
what are the classes of cytochromes? what does this allow for
a,b,c,d allows for variation in reduction potentials
42
What do cytochromes carry?
electrons
43
where are cytochromes typically seen?
at the end of the ETC
44