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Microbiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Building blocks of DNA

A

Deoxynucleotide triphosphate (DNTP’s)

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2
Q

What does attachment of DNTP’s require

A

removal of 2 phosphates (pyrophosphate)

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3
Q

Which direction is DNA synthesized

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

starting point of DNA replication

A

origin of replication

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5
Q

what identifies starting point of replication

A

DnaA proteins

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6
Q

what does dnaA do apart from identification

A

adds tension to H bonds to make them easier to break

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7
Q

characteristic of the origin of replication

A

higher concentration of A and T (2 H bonds are easier to break)

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8
Q

what does dnaB do

A

binds to starting point and pulls strands apart

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9
Q

what helps dnaB to load onto the strands

A

dnaC

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10
Q

energy source to pull strands apart

A

ATP hydrolysis

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11
Q

What two things are required to keep the strands apart

A

single-strand binding proteins and topoisomerase

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12
Q

Roll of topoisomerase in DNA replication

A

relieves supercoiling tension due to the strands being pulled apart

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13
Q

When does DNA polymerase bind

A

when the strands are fully pulled apart

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14
Q

what does DNA polymerase require to start

A

primer

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15
Q

what adds the primer to the DNA strand

A

primase

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16
Q

does the primer require

A

free 3’ OH group

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17
Q

what is the primer

A

complimentary RNA based strand

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18
Q

how fast does DNA polymerase work

A

1000 bases/s

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19
Q

What does the proof reading during replication

A

exonuclease

20
Q

what direction is proof reading done in

A

3’ to 5’ (opposite to replication)

21
Q

what family of polymerase does bacteria use

A

family C

22
Q

which polymerase is involved in replication

A

polymerase III

23
Q

What are the two separated stands called

A

leading and lagging strands

24
Q

characteristics of leading strands

A

continuous

25
Q

characteristics of lagging strands

A

discontinuous, comprised of okazaki fragments, 1000-2000 bases

26
Q

DNA polymerase I function

A

removes RNA primers, also has 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity

27
Q

what can DNA polymerase I not do

A

connect phosphodiester linkages

28
Q

function of DNA ligase

A

connects phosphodiester linkages

29
Q

characteristics of E. coli DNA replication

A

bidirectional from the replication fork

30
Q

how is DNA replication terminated

A

ter sites and Tus proteins forms blocker as replication forks come through

31
Q

function of blocker from ter sites and tus proteins

A

blocks polymerase from running into each other

32
Q

function of topoisomerase IV

A

unlinks chromosomes

33
Q

function of ftsK

A

separates chromosomes to poles

34
Q

what are plasmids

A

extrachromosomal pieces of DNA

35
Q

DNA characteristics of plasmids

A

double stranded, circular, found in prokaryotes, non essential for normal growth

36
Q

advantages of plasmids

A

adds antibiotic resistance genes, can add virulence factors

37
Q

how do plasmids replicate

A

rolling circle method

38
Q

characteristics of RNA

A

single stranded, ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine

39
Q

how is transcription catalyzed

A

RNA polymerase

40
Q

basic characteristics of RNA polymerase

A

catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotide
requires ribonucleoside triphosphates
polymerizes in 5’ to 3’ direction
requires a template
has intrinsic helicase activity
can initiate new strands of nucleotides on its own

41
Q

function of ribonucleoside triphosphates

A

energy from triphosphate

42
Q

template in RNA polymerase

A

DNA template

43
Q

what is required to initiate transcription

A

locating the promoter

44
Q

promoter in eukaryotes

A

TATA box

45
Q

what recognizes the promoter

A

transcription factors

Microbiology (30 decks)

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