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Microbiology > Internal and External to the Cell Wall (part 2) > Flashcards

Internal and External to the Cell Wall (part 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does periplasmic stand for in periplasmic flagella

A

refers to space after the cell membrane but before the cell wall

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2
Q

Which group has periplasmic flagella?

A

Spirochetes

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3
Q

What kind of motility does periplasmic flagella allow for?

A

rigid, corkscrew motion

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4
Q

Why is the corkscrew motion useful for spirochetes?

A

they tend to have to move through gelatinous environments, so the corkscrew motion helps with that

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5
Q

T/F periplasmic flagella are amphotrichous

A

T

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6
Q

Explain how organisms with periplasmic flagella move

A

tufts fold back and line the surface of the cell, forming axial fibril/filaments which then intertwine with eachother

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7
Q

What is gliding motility?

A

adhesive protein that binds, a motor protein then comes behind it and pushes it forward

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8
Q

How do organisms with type IV fimbriae move?

A

extension comes out of external membranes, attaches then pulls in to move forwards

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9
Q

What is gliding motility facilitated by?

A

motor and adhesive proteins along a helical track

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10
Q

What two proteins are found in the helical intracellular protein track?

A

gliding motors, surface adhesion proteins

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11
Q

What is twitching motility?

A

extension comes out from external surface that attaches and contracts (extend, grab, contract)

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12
Q

What type of fimbraiae are associated with twitching motility

A

type IV

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13
Q

Why is it beneficial for bacteria to interact with host cell actin?

A

allows them to evade our immune system

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14
Q

how do bacteria interact with host cell actin?

A

become motile in our cells, break out, then use our own host cell actin to create their own means of travel

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15
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

dense gelationous solutions comprised mainly of water and supplemented with dissolved gases, amino acids, sugars, and salt

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16
Q

what is a nucleoid

A

area of the cell where DNA is aggregated

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17
Q

what are plasmids?

A

extrachromosomal pieces of DNA

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18
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

sites of protein synthesis

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19
Q

What is the difference in eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

eukaryotes: 60S large, 40S small ribosomal subunits (generally referred to as 80S when combined)
Prokaryotes: 50S large and 30S small ribosomal subunits (overall referred to as 70S)

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20
Q

what does S stand for? what is it used for?

A

svedberg unit, used to understand the sedimentation rate under acceleration

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21
Q

What are the differences between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoskeletons?

A

Eukaryotes: actin microfilaments, tubular microtubules
Prokaryotes: MreB microfilaments, FtsZ microtubules, CreS (crescentin) intermediate filaments

22
Q

What is the prokaryotic cytoskeleton comprised of?

A

MreB, FtsZ, CreS

23
Q

what are carboxysomes?

A

polyhedral, protein covered bodies

24
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

phototrophs that produce food and oxygen for marine and freshwater ecosystems

25
Q

What are thylakoid structures? what are they used for?

A

extensively folded membrane that contains chlorophylls and electron carriers.
used to obtain and soak up solar energy

26
Q

Why are carboxysomes necessary for reactions to proceed in the thylakoid structures?

A

their protein covering is packed with rubisco, rubisco is necessary for carbon dioxide fixation in photosynthesis

27
Q

what are storage bodies?

A

granules of organic or inorganic material that function to store energetic molecules or structural building blocks

27
Q

What are gas vesicles? what organisms are they found in?

A

rigid enclosed cylinders that are impermeable to water, but freely permeable to gases. Found in planktonic and cyanobacteria

27
Q

What are the walls of gas vesciles composed of?

A

GvpA, GvpC

27
Q

what do gas vesicles allow for?

A

allow for bacteria to move freely. Affects bouyancy, take in gases to move up release gases to move down

28
Q

What are some things storage bodies can contain?

A

poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, glycogen, polyphosphate, elemental sulfur

29
Q

when is poly-beta-hydroxybutric acid made?

A

when cell comes into area high in carbon

30
Q

when is glycogen made? it is a polymer of __________

A

when carbon is in excess, it is a polymer of glucose

31
Q

Bacteria store elemental sulfur, but use _______ _______

A

oxidized sulfide

32
Q

what are magnetosomes? what is their function?

A

contain magnetite that confers a magnetic dipole to the bacterial cell.
allows bacteria to be pulled along earths magnetic fields

33
Q

What is the function of endospores?

A

protect the cell from heat, UV, toxic chemicals

34
Q

What is the primary trigger of endospore formation? some other triggers

A

form when there is a loss of a macronutrient (C,O,P,N)
dessication, temperature variability

35
Q

From outermost to innermost what are the layers of an endospore?

A

exosporium, spore coats, outer spore membrane, cortex, inner spore membrane, core

36
Q

What two orders can form endospores?

A

bacillus, clostridiales

37
Q

The combination of triggers works to phosphorylate a sporulation factor, what is this called?

A

Spo0A

38
Q

once sporulation proceeds, the bacteria do what?

A

secrete toxic protein that lyses nearby cells in which Spo0A hasnt been activated, also secrete antitoxin protein so they dont die

39
Q

what is the cortex composed of?

A

lossely linked peptidoglycan

40
Q

what are spore coats composed of?

A

4-5 protein layers that are unique to endospores

41
Q

what is the exosporium

A

thin protein covering (not always present)

42
Q

what is the inner spore membrane?

A

cells plasma membrane

43
Q

what are some features of the core?

A

metabolically inactive, significantly dehydrated

44
Q

what causes the core to be dehydrated? how much water is left?

A

dipicolinic acid and calcium, 10-25%

45
Q

What is germination, when does it occur?

A

revitalization of the cell, upon favorable conditions.

46
Q

What are the three stages of germination?

A

activation, germination, outgrowth

47
Q
A

Microbiology (30 decks)

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