Rectal Tumors Flashcards
1
Q
Epidemiology of rectal cancer
A
older than 50yrs
2
Q
Etiology of rectal cancer
A
- colorectal adenomas
- family history
- hereditary
- IBD
- age
- diet
- lifestyle
3
Q
Histology of rectal cancer
A
- 98% adenocarcinoma
- others: lymphoma, carcinoid, sarcoma
uses Dukes classification
4
Q
Symptoms of rectal cancer
A
- blood in stool
- altered defecation
- pain
- constipation
- hemorrhoids DDx: obstipation
5
Q
Diagnosis of rectal cancer
A
- digital rectal exam
- endoscopy
- histology
- HRCT
- rectal US
- abdominal US
- PET/CT
6
Q
Radiation therapy for rectal cancer
A
- pre-/post- operative therapy
- definite or palliative therapy
- EBRT w/ high-energy LINAC using photons
7
Q
Surgical therapy for rectal tumors
A
- T1a: local resection
- T1-2: radical surgery
- T3-4: preop. RT + surgery
- metastasis: chemo + RT
- transanal excision
- lower anterior resecition (Dixon’s)
- abdominoperineal rectal extirpation
8
Q
Pharmacological therapy for rectal cancer
A
- neoadjuvant RT: stages 2-3
- adjuvant chemotherapy: 5-FU (6-8wks postop.)
- palliative chemo (stage 4): DeGramont scheme, FOLFOX, CapeOX
- targeted: VEGF, EGFR, TAS-102
9
Q
What is DeGramont scheme?
A
5-FU administered as bolus and continuously (48hrs) infusion, combined with folinic acid (leucovorin)
10
Q
What is CapeOX protocol?
A
oxaliplatin (day 1) + capecitabine (2x a day for 2 weeks) every 3 weeks
