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Oncology: Topic List 2 > Penile, Testicular and Renal Tumors > Flashcards

Penile, Testicular and Renal Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology of penile cancer

A
  • 2-5% of urogenital tumors
  • higher risk over 60yrs
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2
Q

Etiology of penile cancer

A
  • recurrent inflammation
  • poor hygiene
  • HPV
  • sexual activity
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3
Q

Histology of penile cancer

A
  • SCC (>95%): HPV or inflammation
  • premalignant lesions: giant condyloma, bowen’s disease, erythroplasia of Queyrat
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4
Q

Symptoms of penile cancer

A
  • hard, exophytic lump
  • pain
  • itching
  • ulceration
  • bleeding
  • urethral fistula
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5
Q

Diagnosis of penile cancer

A
  • medical history
  • physical examination
  • check inguinal lymph nodes
  • Lab: urine + LDH
  • biopsy
  • pelvic US
  • MRI
  • CT (X-ray for bone spread)
  • ureteroscopy
  • cystoscopy
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6
Q

Radiation therapy for penile cancer

A
  • Tis: teletherapy 50-66 Gy
  • T1-T4: brachytherapy boost
  • LDR brachytherapy (5-6 days) or HDR brachtherapy (5-6 weeks)
  • palliative
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7
Q

Surgical therapy for penile cancer

A
  • superficial tumor: laser + skin graft, topical 5-FU
  • T1 preputium: wide local excision + circumcision
  • T1 glans: glansectomy, partial penectomy, total penectomy
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8
Q

Pharmacological therapy for penile cancer

A
  • vincristine
  • bleomycin
  • MTX (methotrexate)
  • cisplatin
  • 5-FU
  • cyclophosphamide
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9
Q

Epidemiology of testicular cancer

A

1-2% of all malignant tumors in males

incidence group:
- 0-5 yrs
- 15-35 yrs
- 40-60 yrs

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10
Q

Etiology of testicular cancer

A

increased risk in cryptorchidism: testes fail to descend into the scrotum

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11
Q

Histology of testicular cancer

A
  • sex cord stromal tumor
  • germ cell tumors:
    1. seminoma: most common, metastasizes to lymph nodes and bone
    2. embryonal carcinoma: 15-35 years, metastasizes to lungs and liver; elevated AFP
    3. choriocarcinoma: metastasizes to lung, liver, brain; gynecomastia
    4. yolk sac carcinoma: infants; elevated AFP
    5. teratoma: contains ecto-, meso-, and endoderm
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12
Q

Symptoms of testicular cancer

A
  • testicles become swollen, fuller, and harder
  • pain
  • acute epididymis
  • palpable lymph nodes
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13
Q

Diagnosis of testicular cancer

A
  • testicular US
  • thoracic/abdominal/pelvic CT for metastasis
  • tumor markers: b-HCG, AFP, NSE
  • possible surgical exploration
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14
Q

Radiotherapy for testicular cancer

A
  • seminomas: very radiosensitive; metastatic RT to lymph nodes
  • nonseminomas: not radiosensitive but chemosensitive
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15
Q

Surgical therapy for testicular cancer

A
  • high castration rate
  • radical type of retroperitoneal lymphadectomy (nerve sparing) + ipsilateral illiac dissection in stages IIA
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16
Q

Pharmacological therapy for testicular cancer

A

carboplatin (postop. and post radiotherapy)

17
Q

Epidemiology of renal cancer

A
  • 3-5% of all tumors
  • 7th most frequent in men
  • 10th most frequent in women
18
Q

Etiology of renal cancer

A
  • passive smoking
  • chemicals
  • risk factors: hypertension, obesity, kidney failure, renal cystic disease, dialysis, transplantation
19
Q

Histology of renal cancer

A
  • renal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (80-90%)
  • papillary carcinoma (10%)
  • chromophobe RCC (5%)
20
Q

Symptoms of renal cancer

A
  • asymptomatic
  • accumulation of HCG, renin, insulin
  • increased ESR
  • hypertension
  • weight loss
  • anemia
  • fever
  • lower back pain
  • macroscopic hematuria
  • papable abdominal swelling
21
Q

Diagnosis of renal cancer

A
  • US
  • CT
  • CT angiography
  • thoracic CT
22
Q

Radiotherapy for renal tumors

A
  • adjuvant: not recommended if resectable
  • palliative: if metastatic
23
Q

Surgical therapy for renal cancer

A

curative aim on non-metastatic tumors: partial or total nephrectomy (+ adrenal gland resection if upper part is affected)

24
Q

Pharmacological therapy for renal cancer

A
  • chemotherapy: adriamycin
  • hormonal therapy: progestins
  • targeted therapy: bevacizumab + temsirolimus (mTOR inhibitor)
  • immunotherapy: pembrolizumab

Oncology: Topic List 2 (19 decks)

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