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Key Topic 2: Opposition To British Rule > Reason For Development: Rhodesia > Flashcards

Reason For Development: Rhodesia Flashcards

1
Q

What were the characteristics of Rhodesia?

A

Resentful black majority due to low pay and few rights

Substantial number of white settlers

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2
Q

How many white settlers were there in Southern Rhodesia in 1923?

A

129,000 (many wealthy farmers)

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3
Q

In what area had 129,000 white settlers by 1923?

A

Southern Rhodesia

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4
Q

In Southern Rhodesia, in what year were there 129,000 white settlers?

A

1923

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5
Q

What happened in 1923?

A

129,000 white settlers of Southern Rhodesia were granted self-governance

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6
Q

When were 129,000 white settlers of Southern Rhodesia were granted self-governance?

A

1923

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7
Q

What were the characteristics of the 129,000 white settlers in Southern Rhodesia?

A

Many wealthy farmers

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8
Q

In what part of Rhodesia were the white settlers wealthy farmers?

A

Southern Rhodesia

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9
Q

How many white settlers were there in Northern Rhodesia by 1923?

A

36,000

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10
Q

In what part of Rhodesia were there 36,000 white settlers?

A

North

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11
Q

What industry were the 36,000 white settlers in Northern Rhodesia involved in?

A

Copper mining industry

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12
Q

What part of Rhodesia were the white population involved in the copper mining industry?

A

36,000 white settlers in Northern Rhodesia

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13
Q

What areas of Rhodesia wanted to have white control?

A

Southern (they received this in 1923)

North

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14
Q

What was the status of the Northern Rhodesia?

A

State protected by another, directly ruled from London

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15
Q

What area in Rhodesia had mineral wealth?

A

North

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16
Q

What was the impact of Northern Rhodesia being mineral wealthy?

A

Seemed likely that Southern Rhodesia politicians would try to extend their influence

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17
Q

Why did it seem likely that Southern Rhodesia politicians would try to extend their influence ?

A

Northern Rhodesia being mineral wealthy

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18
Q

What was established in August 1953?

A

Creation of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

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19
Q

When was the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland created?

A

August 1953

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20
Q

Why was the August 1953 Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland created?

A

Prevent Southern Rhodesia politicians from extending their influence into Northern Rhodesia

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21
Q

What was the Central African Federation (CAF)?

A

Each of the three areas (Both Rhodesia and Nyasaland) would have its own legislature and government

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22
Q

What enabled each of the three areas (Both Rhodesia and Nyasaland) would have its own legislature and government?

A

Central African Federation

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23
Q

Why was the Central African Federation created?

A

Protected Africans in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland from the discriminatory Souther Rhodesia laws

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24
Q

What was created to protect Africans in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland from the discriminatory Souther Rhodesia laws?

A

The creation of the Central African Federation

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25
Q

What did the southern whites use the Central African Federation for?

A

Reinforce their political leadership

Give whites in the Northern Rhodesians the same political influence

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26
Q

Who used the CAF to reinforce their political leadership and give whites in the Northern Rhodesians the same political influence?

A

Southern whites

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27
Q

What was the characteristics of Nyasaland?

A

Very few white people
Resisted the federation in 1953 August
Centre of the storm

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28
Q

What part had very few white people, resisted the federation in 1953 August therefore it was the centre of the storm?

A

Nyasaland

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29
Q

What emerged in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia?

A

Black African nationalists after the CAF

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30
Q

Where did Black African nationalists emerge after CAF?

A

Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia

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31
Q

What happened in 1959?

A

Dr Hastings Banda of Nyasaland returned from the Gold Coast (where he had been working as a doctor) to lead a campaign to end the federation

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32
Q

When did Dr Hastings Banda of Nyasaland return from the Gold Coast (where he had been working as a doctor) to lead a campaign to end the federation?

A

1959

33
Q

Who was Sir Robert Armitage?

A

Governor of Nyasaland

34
Q

Who was the Governor of Nyasaland?

A

Sir Robert Armitage

35
Q

How did Armitage respond to Dr Hastings Bandas campaign?

A

Fearing the collapse of British authority, he declared a state of emergency (March 1959)

36
Q

What happened in march 1959?

A

State of emergency declared by Armitage

37
Q

When was a state of emergency declared by Armitage?

A

March 1959

38
Q

What happened as a result of the march 1959 state of emergency?

A

Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was banned and its leaders (including Hastings Banda and Kenneth Kaunda)
1,300 people (many were never if the congress parties) (e.g. Harry Nkumbula of the Zambian (Northern Rhodesia) African congress) detained without trial
2,000 imprisoned for offences related to the emergency

39
Q

What caused:
Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was banned and its leaders (including Hastings Banda and Kenneth Kaunda)
1,300 people (many were never if the congress parties) (e.g. Harry Nkumbula of the Zambian (Northern Rhodesia) African congress) detained without trial
2,000 imprisoned for offences related to the emergency

A

march 1959 state of emergency

40
Q

Who gave reinforcements that helped round up activists in March 1959?

A

Northern and Southern Rhodesia

41
Q

How many were killed as a result of the March 1959 state of emergency?

A

51 killed by troops or police

42
Q

When was the Nkata Bay?

A

March 1959

43
Q

What happened in the March 1959 Nkata Bay?

A

Prisoners detained in Northern Rhodesia were waiting in Nkata Bay for a lake streamer to take them to the South. Local congress leader tried to secure their release and encouraged large crowd to gather dockside. District commissioner, fearing the situation was getting out of control, ordered troops to open fire on the crowds. 20 died

44
Q

How many were killed at the March 1959 incident at Nkata Bay?

A

20

45
Q

In what incident were 20 killed?

A

Incident at Nkata Bay in March 1959

46
Q

What did Kenneth Kaunda become in November 1953?

A

Secretary General of the ANC in northern Rhodesia

47
Q

What happened in November 1953?

A

Kenneth Kaunda became the Secretary General of the ANC in northern Rhodesia

48
Q

What happened in October 1958?

A

Kaunda formed the Zambian (North-Rhodesian) African national congress (ZANC)

49
Q

When did Kaunda form the Zambian (North-Rhodesian) African national congress (ZANC)?

A

October 1958

50
Q

What happened in January 1960?

A

Kaunda became the president of the United national Independence Party (UNIP)

51
Q

When did Kaunda become president of the United national Independence Party (UNIP)?

A

January 1960

52
Q

What type of campaign did Kaunda promote?

A

‘Cha-cha-cha’ campaign of civil disobedience against the British and led Zambia (Northern- Rhodesia) to independence (Burning schools and blocking roads)

53
Q

Who promoted the ‘Cha-cha-cha’ campaign of civil disobedience against the British and led Zambia (Northern- Rhodesia)?

A

Kaunda

54
Q

When was Kaunda president?

A

1964 to 1991

55
Q

Who was president between 1964-91?

A

Kaunda

56
Q

What did a specially convened British commission of 1959 conclude?

A

Emergency had been an over-reaction
Denounced Nyasaland for employing illegal and unnecessary force and endorsed the opinion of the Nyasaland Africans so opposed the federation

57
Q

When was Banda prime minister?

A

1966-94: Marked by political violence and political assassination

58
Q

What did Macmillan and Ian Macleod (new colonial Secretary) decide to do with the federation?

A

Break up the federation

59
Q

What was the opposition to the break up of the CAF?

A

UNIP led by Kaunda in Northern Rhodesia contested British plan of 1961

60
Q

What was introduced in October 1964?

A

Northern Rhodesia would become a new African state of Zambia (under Kaunda) with provision for the emergence of a Black African majority government and it became a member of the Commonwealth

61
Q

When did Northern Rhodesia become a new African state of Zambia (under Kaunda) with provision for the emergence of a Black African majority government and it became a member of the Commonwealth?

A

October 1964

62
Q

What happened in July 1964?

A

Nyasaland became Malawi, under Band, also with black majority rule and as a member of the commonwealth

63
Q

When did Nyasaland become Malawi, under Band, also with black majority rule and as a member of the commonwealth?

A

July 1964

64
Q

What is unilateral Declaration of Independence?

A

Declaration of Independence from imperial rule without normal two sided negotiations and legal procedures expected to establish this

65
Q

What is the term to describe the declaration of Independence from imperial rule without normal two sided negotiations and legal procedures expected to establish this?

A

unilateral Declaration of Independence

66
Q

What happened in November 1965?

A

Southern Rhodesia under Ian Smith as prime minster retained white dominance. They declared a UDI as ‘Rhodesia’

67
Q

When did Southern Rhodesia under Ian Smith as prime minster retainwhite dominance and declared a UDI as ‘Rhodesia’?

A

November 1965

68
Q

What emerged in Southern Rhodesia?

A

Hard-line white settler movement, Rhodesian Front, initially led by the prime minister Winston Field, but dominated by his deputy Ian Smith. This emerged in Southern Rhodesia

69
Q

What caused a hard-line white settler movement?

A

Rhodesia front

70
Q

What did the Rhodesia front reject?

A

British demand for majority rule or some sort of white/black power sharing as the price of independence

71
Q

Why was Southern Rhodesia able to ignore British demands?

A

Had its own army

72
Q

What was the impact of Southern Rhodesia having an army?

A

Able to ignore the British demands

73
Q

What did dominated white leadership do in Southern Rhodesia?

A

Imprisoned black African nationalists such as members of the ZANU, ZAPU, led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo

74
Q

When did Ian Smith become prime minister of Rhodesia?

A

1964: under an anti-black rule

75
Q

Who rejected UDI as illegal and unconstitutional?

A

Britain
Unites Nations
Most of the world

76
Q

Why was this an embarrassment to the British?

A

Unable to control rebels in its ex colonies
Criticism from the commonwealth as Britain were accused of betraying the ideals
UDI triggered a 15 year civil war between the White people and Black nationalists

77
Q

What did the 15 year civil war culmination in the establishment of?

A

Zimbabwe in 1980

78
Q

What was created in 1980?

A

Zimbabwe

79
Q

What was the last British colony to achieve independence?

A

Zimbabwe

Key Topic 2: Opposition To British Rule (19 decks)

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