Reason For Development: Rhodesia Flashcards
What were the characteristics of Rhodesia?
Resentful black majority due to low pay and few rights
Substantial number of white settlers
How many white settlers were there in Southern Rhodesia in 1923?
129,000 (many wealthy farmers)
In what area had 129,000 white settlers by 1923?
Southern Rhodesia
In Southern Rhodesia, in what year were there 129,000 white settlers?
1923
What happened in 1923?
129,000 white settlers of Southern Rhodesia were granted self-governance
When were 129,000 white settlers of Southern Rhodesia were granted self-governance?
1923
What were the characteristics of the 129,000 white settlers in Southern Rhodesia?
Many wealthy farmers
In what part of Rhodesia were the white settlers wealthy farmers?
Southern Rhodesia
How many white settlers were there in Northern Rhodesia by 1923?
36,000
In what part of Rhodesia were there 36,000 white settlers?
North
What industry were the 36,000 white settlers in Northern Rhodesia involved in?
Copper mining industry
What part of Rhodesia were the white population involved in the copper mining industry?
36,000 white settlers in Northern Rhodesia
What areas of Rhodesia wanted to have white control?
Southern (they received this in 1923)
North
What was the status of the Northern Rhodesia?
State protected by another, directly ruled from London
What area in Rhodesia had mineral wealth?
North
What was the impact of Northern Rhodesia being mineral wealthy?
Seemed likely that Southern Rhodesia politicians would try to extend their influence
Why did it seem likely that Southern Rhodesia politicians would try to extend their influence ?
Northern Rhodesia being mineral wealthy
What was established in August 1953?
Creation of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
When was the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland created?
August 1953
Why was the August 1953 Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland created?
Prevent Southern Rhodesia politicians from extending their influence into Northern Rhodesia
What was the Central African Federation (CAF)?
Each of the three areas (Both Rhodesia and Nyasaland) would have its own legislature and government
What enabled each of the three areas (Both Rhodesia and Nyasaland) would have its own legislature and government?
Central African Federation
Why was the Central African Federation created?
Protected Africans in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland from the discriminatory Souther Rhodesia laws
What was created to protect Africans in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland from the discriminatory Souther Rhodesia laws?
The creation of the Central African Federation
What did the southern whites use the Central African Federation for?
Reinforce their political leadership
Give whites in the Northern Rhodesians the same political influence
Who used the CAF to reinforce their political leadership and give whites in the Northern Rhodesians the same political influence?
Southern whites
What was the characteristics of Nyasaland?
Very few white people
Resisted the federation in 1953 August
Centre of the storm
What part had very few white people, resisted the federation in 1953 August therefore it was the centre of the storm?
Nyasaland
What emerged in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia?
Black African nationalists after the CAF
Where did Black African nationalists emerge after CAF?
Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia
What happened in 1959?
Dr Hastings Banda of Nyasaland returned from the Gold Coast (where he had been working as a doctor) to lead a campaign to end the federation
When did Dr Hastings Banda of Nyasaland return from the Gold Coast (where he had been working as a doctor) to lead a campaign to end the federation?
1959
Who was Sir Robert Armitage?
Governor of Nyasaland
Who was the Governor of Nyasaland?
Sir Robert Armitage
How did Armitage respond to Dr Hastings Bandas campaign?
Fearing the collapse of British authority, he declared a state of emergency (March 1959)
What happened in march 1959?
State of emergency declared by Armitage
When was a state of emergency declared by Armitage?
March 1959
What happened as a result of the march 1959 state of emergency?
Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was banned and its leaders (including Hastings Banda and Kenneth Kaunda)
1,300 people (many were never if the congress parties) (e.g. Harry Nkumbula of the Zambian (Northern Rhodesia) African congress) detained without trial
2,000 imprisoned for offences related to the emergency
What caused:
Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was banned and its leaders (including Hastings Banda and Kenneth Kaunda)
1,300 people (many were never if the congress parties) (e.g. Harry Nkumbula of the Zambian (Northern Rhodesia) African congress) detained without trial
2,000 imprisoned for offences related to the emergency
march 1959 state of emergency
Who gave reinforcements that helped round up activists in March 1959?
Northern and Southern Rhodesia
How many were killed as a result of the March 1959 state of emergency?
51 killed by troops or police
When was the Nkata Bay?
March 1959
What happened in the March 1959 Nkata Bay?
Prisoners detained in Northern Rhodesia were waiting in Nkata Bay for a lake streamer to take them to the South. Local congress leader tried to secure their release and encouraged large crowd to gather dockside. District commissioner, fearing the situation was getting out of control, ordered troops to open fire on the crowds. 20 died
How many were killed at the March 1959 incident at Nkata Bay?
20
In what incident were 20 killed?
Incident at Nkata Bay in March 1959
What did Kenneth Kaunda become in November 1953?
Secretary General of the ANC in northern Rhodesia
What happened in November 1953?
Kenneth Kaunda became the Secretary General of the ANC in northern Rhodesia
What happened in October 1958?
Kaunda formed the Zambian (North-Rhodesian) African national congress (ZANC)
When did Kaunda form the Zambian (North-Rhodesian) African national congress (ZANC)?
October 1958
What happened in January 1960?
Kaunda became the president of the United national Independence Party (UNIP)
When did Kaunda become president of the United national Independence Party (UNIP)?
January 1960
What type of campaign did Kaunda promote?
‘Cha-cha-cha’ campaign of civil disobedience against the British and led Zambia (Northern- Rhodesia) to independence (Burning schools and blocking roads)
Who promoted the ‘Cha-cha-cha’ campaign of civil disobedience against the British and led Zambia (Northern- Rhodesia)?
Kaunda
When was Kaunda president?
1964 to 1991
Who was president between 1964-91?
Kaunda
What did a specially convened British commission of 1959 conclude?
Emergency had been an over-reaction
Denounced Nyasaland for employing illegal and unnecessary force and endorsed the opinion of the Nyasaland Africans so opposed the federation
When was Banda prime minister?
1966-94: Marked by political violence and political assassination
What did Macmillan and Ian Macleod (new colonial Secretary) decide to do with the federation?
Break up the federation
What was the opposition to the break up of the CAF?
UNIP led by Kaunda in Northern Rhodesia contested British plan of 1961
What was introduced in October 1964?
Northern Rhodesia would become a new African state of Zambia (under Kaunda) with provision for the emergence of a Black African majority government and it became a member of the Commonwealth
When did Northern Rhodesia become a new African state of Zambia (under Kaunda) with provision for the emergence of a Black African majority government and it became a member of the Commonwealth?
October 1964
What happened in July 1964?
Nyasaland became Malawi, under Band, also with black majority rule and as a member of the commonwealth
When did Nyasaland become Malawi, under Band, also with black majority rule and as a member of the commonwealth?
July 1964
What is unilateral Declaration of Independence?
Declaration of Independence from imperial rule without normal two sided negotiations and legal procedures expected to establish this
What is the term to describe the declaration of Independence from imperial rule without normal two sided negotiations and legal procedures expected to establish this?
unilateral Declaration of Independence
What happened in November 1965?
Southern Rhodesia under Ian Smith as prime minster retained white dominance. They declared a UDI as ‘Rhodesia’
When did Southern Rhodesia under Ian Smith as prime minster retainwhite dominance and declared a UDI as ‘Rhodesia’?
November 1965
What emerged in Southern Rhodesia?
Hard-line white settler movement, Rhodesian Front, initially led by the prime minister Winston Field, but dominated by his deputy Ian Smith. This emerged in Southern Rhodesia
What caused a hard-line white settler movement?
Rhodesia front
What did the Rhodesia front reject?
British demand for majority rule or some sort of white/black power sharing as the price of independence
Why was Southern Rhodesia able to ignore British demands?
Had its own army
What was the impact of Southern Rhodesia having an army?
Able to ignore the British demands
What did dominated white leadership do in Southern Rhodesia?
Imprisoned black African nationalists such as members of the ZANU, ZAPU, led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo
When did Ian Smith become prime minister of Rhodesia?
1964: under an anti-black rule
Who rejected UDI as illegal and unconstitutional?
Britain
Unites Nations
Most of the world
Why was this an embarrassment to the British?
Unable to control rebels in its ex colonies
Criticism from the commonwealth as Britain were accused of betraying the ideals
UDI triggered a 15 year civil war between the White people and Black nationalists
What did the 15 year civil war culmination in the establishment of?
Zimbabwe in 1980
What was created in 1980?
Zimbabwe
What was the last British colony to achieve independence?
Zimbabwe
