Reaction Conditions

Question 1

alkene to alkane

Answer 1

electrophilic addition - hydrogenation

platinum catalyst, hydrogen gas, standard conditions
OR
nickel catalyst, 150 C, 5atm, hydrogen gas

Question 2

alkene to haloalkane

Answer 2

electrophilic addition

room temperature, hydrogen halide

Question 3

alkane to haloalkane

Answer 3

nucleophilic substitution - halogenation

UV light, halogen gas

Question 4

alcohol to alkene

Answer 4

dehydration of alcohol

alumina Al2O3 catalyst, 300 C
OR
reflux with conc sulfuric acid

Question 5

haloalkane to amine

Answer 5

nucleophilic substitution

heat in a sealed tube, conc ammonia solution

Question 6

haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 6

nucleophilic substitution

heat under reflux with water

Question 7

alcohol to haloalkane

Answer 7

nucleophilic substitution

strong acid, halide ions

Question 8

primary alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 8

oxidation

acidified potassium dichromate, alcohol in excess, no reflux

Question 9

aldehyde to primary alcohol

Answer 9

reduction

powerful reducing agent (sodium tetrahyridoborate NaBH4)

Question 10

haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 10

nucleophilic substitution

reflux with sodium cyanide, ethanol and water

Question 11

nitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 11

hydrolysis

reflux with dilute acid

Question 12

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 12

oxidation

heat under reflux, acidified potassium dichromate, oxidising agent in excess

Question 13

carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 13

esterification

heat under reflux with alcohol, concentrated HCl/H2SO4

Question 14

ester to carboxylic acid

Answer 14

hydrolysis

conc H2SO4

Question 15

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Answer 15

reflux with SCl2O (thionyl chloride)

Question 16

acyl chloride to ester

Answer 16

esterification

reacts with alcohol under standard conditions

Question 17

acyl chloride to primary amide

Answer 17

reacts with NH3

Question 18

acyl chloride to secondary amide

Answer 18

reacts with amines

Question 19

alkene with bromine

Answer 19

electrophilic addition
alkene gas bubbled through bromine liquid, room temperature
(produce dibromoalkane)

Question 20

alkene with hydrogen bromide

Answer 20

electrophilic addition
solution of HBr in polar solvent, room temperature
(produce bromoalkane)

Question 21

alkene with water

Answer 21

electrophilic addition
high temperature, high pressure, phosphoric acid on solid silica catalyst, alkene and steam
(produce alcohol)

Question 22

haloalkane with hydroxide

Answer 22

nucleophilic substitution
heat under reflux, with NaOH and ethanol
(produces alcohol)