Reaction Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

alkene to alkane

A

electrophilic addition - hydrogenation

platinum catalyst, hydrogen gas, standard conditions
OR
nickel catalyst, 150 C, 5atm, hydrogen gas

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2
Q

alkene to haloalkane

A

electrophilic addition

room temperature, hydrogen halide

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3
Q

alkane to haloalkane

A

nucleophilic substitution - halogenation

UV light, halogen gas

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4
Q

alcohol to alkene

A

dehydration of alcohol

alumina Al2O3 catalyst, 300 C
OR
reflux with conc sulfuric acid

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5
Q

haloalkane to amine

A

nucleophilic substitution

heat in a sealed tube, conc ammonia solution

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6
Q

haloalkane to alcohol

A

nucleophilic substitution

heat under reflux with water

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7
Q

alcohol to haloalkane

A

nucleophilic substitution

strong acid, halide ions

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8
Q

primary alcohol to aldehyde

A

oxidation

acidified potassium dichromate, alcohol in excess, no reflux

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9
Q

aldehyde to primary alcohol

A

reduction

powerful reducing agent (sodium tetrahyridoborate NaBH4)

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10
Q

haloalkane to nitrile

A

nucleophilic substitution

reflux with sodium cyanide, ethanol and water

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11
Q

nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

hydrolysis

reflux with dilute acid

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12
Q

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

oxidation

heat under reflux, acidified potassium dichromate, oxidising agent in excess

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13
Q

carboxylic acid to ester

A

esterification

heat under reflux with alcohol, concentrated HCl/H2SO4

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14
Q

ester to carboxylic acid

A

hydrolysis

conc H2SO4

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15
Q

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A

reflux with SCl2O (thionyl chloride)

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16
Q

acyl chloride to ester

A

esterification

reacts with alcohol under standard conditions

17
Q

acyl chloride to primary amide

A

reacts with NH3

18
Q

acyl chloride to secondary amide

A

reacts with amines

19
Q

alkene with bromine

A

electrophilic addition
alkene gas bubbled through bromine liquid, room temperature
(produce dibromoalkane)

20
Q

alkene with hydrogen bromide

A

electrophilic addition
solution of HBr in polar solvent, room temperature
(produce bromoalkane)

21
Q

alkene with water

A

electrophilic addition
high temperature, high pressure, phosphoric acid on solid silica catalyst, alkene and steam
(produce alcohol)

22
Q

haloalkane with hydroxide

A

nucleophilic substitution
heat under reflux, with NaOH and ethanol
(produces alcohol)