Random, stratified, volunteer, and opportunity sampling techniques.

Question 1

A sampling frame is a list of all individuals in the population from which the sample is ____ and it is crucial for ____ sampling.

Answer 1

drawn,random

Question 2

The importance of a sampling frame lies in its ability to minimize ____ and ensure all potential ____ are included.

Answer 2

bias,participants

Question 3

One drawback of random sampling is that it can be ____-intensive, especially with large or ____ populations.

Answer 3

resource,geographically dispersed

Question 4

Systematic sampling involves selecting every ____ individual from a list, making it a variation of ____ sampling.

Answer 4

nth,random

Question 5

Stratified sampling differs from quota sampling in that it selects participants ____ from strata (subgroups), while quota sampling selects them ____-randomly.

Answer 5

randomly,non

Question 6

Stratified sampling (choosing from distinct subgroups) is most useful when the population has distinct ____ and their representation in the sample is ____.

Answer 6

subgroups,crucial

Question 7

Comparative analysis between different subgroups within the population might benefit from ____ sampling due to its focus on ____ representation.

Answer 7

stratified,subgroup

Question 8

Volunteer sampling is particularly useful when researchers study specific ____ or traits that require ____ participants.

Answer 8

behaviors,motivated

Question 9

Volunteer sampling can introduce bias by attracting participants with specific traits, such as high ____ or interest in the ____ being studied.

Answer 9

motivation,topic

Question 10

Self-selection bias refers to a distortion in research results caused by the ____ of who chooses to ____ in the study.

Answer 10

non-randomness,participate

Question 11

One ethical concern in using volunteer sampling is that it may lead to ____ among participants, affecting the ____ of the research.

Answer 11

bias,validity

Question 12

In research, ensuring volunteers are not coerced and fully understand their rights is essential for ____ and ____.

Answer 12

ethical standards, participant rights

Question 13

Opportunity sampling saves time by selecting participants who are ____ and ____ to participate.

Answer 13

readily available, willing

Question 14

An example of opportunity sampling in research is a psychologist selecting ____ in their ____ for a study.

Answer 14

students, class

Question 15

Ecological (relating to living organisms and their surroundings) validity refers to the extent to which findings ____ to ____ settings; it can be reduced if the sample is not _____.

Answer 15

generalize, real-world, representative

Question 16

To mitigate bias in opportunity sampling, researchers should ensure a ____ pool of participants is available to select from.

Answer 16

diverse

Question 17

The main goal of any sampling technique is to obtain a sample that is ____ of the ____ population.

Answer 17

representative, target

Question 18

Generalizability is important in research because it allows findings to apply to a ____ population beyond the ____.

Answer 18

wider, sample

Question 19

Population size influences sampling decisions; larger populations may require more ____ and ____ sampling techniques.

Answer 19

structured, systematic

Question 20

Milgram (1963) used ____ sampling, which was effective because it allowed access to participants interested in ____ to research.

Answer 20

volunteer, contributing

Question 21

A famous study that relied on opportunity sampling is ____ (1971) ____ Prison Experiment.

Answer 21

Zimbardo’s, Stanford

Question 22

External validity refers to how well results can be ____; it can be affected by the ____ method.

Answer 22

generalized, sampling

Question 23

Sampling bias is a systematic error that leads to a ____ sample, which does not accurately reflect the ____ of the population.

Answer 23

non-representative, characteristics

Question 24

To avoid sampling bias, researchers should use ____ or ____ sampling techniques whenever feasible.

Answer 24

random, stratified (strata: subgroups)

Question 25

A population includes all individuals of interest, while a ____ is a ____ of that population.

Answer 25

sample, subset

Question 26

Representativeness in sampling refers to how accurately the sample reflects the ____ of the ____ being studied.

Answer 26

characteristics, population

Question 27

Researchers might use non-probability sampling methods like volunteer sampling due to ____ constraints or specific ____ requirements.

Answer 27

time, study

Question 28

The main trade-off in using random sampling versus opportunity sampling is that random sampling increases ____ but is less ____ than opportunity sampling.

Answer 28

representativeness, convenient

Question 29

Volunteer sampling can produce a representative sample only under rare circumstances where volunteers mirror the population’s ____.

Answer 29

diversity

Question 30

Stratified sampling enhances research reliability by ensuring that key ____ are included proportionally in the ____.

Answer 30

subgroups, sample

Question 31

Understanding the limitations of a sampling technique is important to accurately interpret research findings and acknowledge potential ____ in the results.

Answer 31

biases