Random, stratified, volunteer, and opportunity sampling techniques. Flashcards
A sampling frame is a list of all individuals in the population from which the sample is ____ and it is crucial for ____ sampling.
drawn,random
The importance of a sampling frame lies in its ability to minimize ____ and ensure all potential ____ are included.
bias,participants
One drawback of random sampling is that it can be ____-intensive, especially with large or ____ populations.
resource,geographically dispersed
Systematic sampling involves selecting every ____ individual from a list, making it a variation of ____ sampling.
nth,random
Stratified sampling differs from quota sampling in that it selects participants ____ from strata (subgroups), while quota sampling selects them ____-randomly.
randomly,non
Stratified sampling (choosing from distinct subgroups) is most useful when the population has distinct ____ and their representation in the sample is ____.
subgroups,crucial
Comparative analysis between different subgroups within the population might benefit from ____ sampling due to its focus on ____ representation.
stratified,subgroup
Volunteer sampling is particularly useful when researchers study specific ____ or traits that require ____ participants.
behaviors,motivated
Volunteer sampling can introduce bias by attracting participants with specific traits, such as high ____ or interest in the ____ being studied.
motivation,topic
Self-selection bias refers to a distortion in research results caused by the ____ of who chooses to ____ in the study.
non-randomness,participate
One ethical concern in using volunteer sampling is that it may lead to ____ among participants, affecting the ____ of the research.
bias,validity
In research, ensuring volunteers are not coerced and fully understand their rights is essential for ____ and ____.
ethical standards, participant rights
Opportunity sampling saves time by selecting participants who are ____ and ____ to participate.
readily available, willing
An example of opportunity sampling in research is a psychologist selecting ____ in their ____ for a study.
students, class
Ecological (relating to living organisms and their surroundings) validity refers to the extent to which findings ____ to ____ settings; it can be reduced if the sample is not _____.
generalize, real-world, representative
To mitigate bias in opportunity sampling, researchers should ensure a ____ pool of participants is available to select from.
diverse
The main goal of any sampling technique is to obtain a sample that is ____ of the ____ population.
representative, target
Generalizability is important in research because it allows findings to apply to a ____ population beyond the ____.
wider, sample
Population size influences sampling decisions; larger populations may require more ____ and ____ sampling techniques.
structured, systematic
Milgram (1963) used ____ sampling, which was effective because it allowed access to participants interested in ____ to research.
volunteer, contributing
A famous study that relied on opportunity sampling is ____ (1971) ____ Prison Experiment.
Zimbardo’s, Stanford
External validity refers to how well results can be ____; it can be affected by the ____ method.
generalized, sampling
Sampling bias is a systematic error that leads to a ____ sample, which does not accurately reflect the ____ of the population.
non-representative, characteristics
To avoid sampling bias, researchers should use ____ or ____ sampling techniques whenever feasible.
random, stratified (strata: subgroups)
A population includes all individuals of interest, while a ____ is a ____ of that population.
sample, subset
Representativeness in sampling refers to how accurately the sample reflects the ____ of the ____ being studied.
characteristics, population
Researchers might use non-probability sampling methods like volunteer sampling due to ____ constraints or specific ____ requirements.
time, study
The main trade-off in using random sampling versus opportunity sampling is that random sampling increases ____ but is less ____ than opportunity sampling.
representativeness, convenient
Volunteer sampling can produce a representative sample only under rare circumstances where volunteers mirror the population’s ____.
diversity
Stratified sampling enhances research reliability by ensuring that key ____ are included proportionally in the ____.
subgroups, sample
Understanding the limitations of a sampling technique is important to accurately interpret research findings and acknowledge potential ____ in the results.
biases
