Burger (2009) Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today? Flashcards
In Burger’s 2009 study, he aimed to replicate Milgram’s findings while making it more ____ and testing the ____ in more detail.
ethical, hypotheses
Burger’s study incorporated elements from Milgram’s Variation #5 and Variation #17, including a learner with a ____ and a second teacher who ____ the main participant to stop.
heart condition, encourages
The significance of Burger’s study lies in its demonstration of how scientific research can be ____ and how it explores both ____ and individual differences.
replicated, social behavior
In the Milgram study, participants experienced distress at high voltage levels, but Burger found that those who rebelled did so by ____ volts, marking the ____ of no return.
150, point
Burger’s study illustrates the power of the experimental method by manipulating an ____ and drawing conclusions about ____ from differences in the DV.
independent variable, cause and effect
To ensure ethical standards, Burger argues that continuing the experiment beyond ____ volts is unnecessary, as it causes ____ distress to participants.
150, unnecessary
The design of Burger’s study is significant because it uses an ____ Groups design, which helps in understanding the effects of ____ on obedience.
Independent, variables
Burger’s research is important for students as it shows how research can be time-locked, meaning conclusions may not hold ____ over time.
true
In evaluating Burger’s study, one might consider aspects such as methods, findings, reliability, validity, and ____.
ethics
The study by Burger is a partial replication of Milgram’s work, which is significant for illustrating the importance of ____ in psychological research.
ethical considerations
In Burger’s study, the two personality traits he focused on were ____ and ____.
empathy, locus of control
The main independent variable in Burger’s study was the base condition compared to the ____ condition.
model refusal
Burger aimed to see if personality variables like empathy and locus of control influence ____.
obedience
Participants in Burger’s study were aged between ____ and ____ years old.
20, 81
The dependent variable in Burger’s study was measured by how many volts the last shock was before the participant ____, exhausted all the prods, or reached ____V.
refused to go on, 150
Burger’s study was conducted in the year ____ and aimed to replicate Milgram’s study from ____ .
2009, 1963
The sample for Burger’s study consisted of ____ participants who were a mixture of men and ____ .
70, women
Participants were recruited through newspaper ads and ____ left in libraries for Burger’s study.
online fliers
Burger’s study included a two-step screening process for participants with ____ knowledge and those with ____ issues.
psychological, drug or emotional
The presence of a disobedient ‘model’ in Burger’s study was expected to influence levels of ____.
obedience
In the experiment, the teacher watches the learner being strapped into the electric chair and then sits at the ____ generator in an adjacent ____.
shock, room
The test shock that the participant receives in Burger’s experiment starts at ____ and goes up in ____ intervals.
15V, 15V
The learner indicates he has a slight heart condition, but the experimenter assures the teacher that the shocks are ____ and not ____.
not harmful, painful
In the ‘model refusal’ condition, a second confederate pretends to be a second teacher and at ____ volts, he refuses to go on, prompting the naïve participant to take over.
90V, take over
Burger used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index to measure ____ and the Desirability of Control Scale to measure ____ in participants.
empathy, locus of control
Burger implemented ethical controls such as a two-step screening process and warning participants that they could ____ at any point and still keep the ____ .
withdraw, $50
The experimenter in Burger’s study was a clinical psychologist skilled in spotting and reacting to ____ during the experiment.
distress, experiment
In Burger’s results, ____% of participants in the baseline condition were prepared to go past 150V, compared to ____% in Milgram’s Variation #5.
70%, 82.5%
Burger found no significant difference in obedience between ____ and ____ participants in his study.
men, women
The ‘test shock’ experienced by participants in Burger’s study was only a mild ____V, unlike Milgram’s painful ____V.
15V, 45V
In the ‘model refusal’ condition, women were slightly less likely to obey, but this was not statistically _____.
significant
Empathy did not significantly affect obedience, but those who stopped at 150V had a higher locus of _____ in the base condition.
control
Burger concluded that Milgram’s results still stand, indicating that people are influenced by _____ factors to obey authority.
situational
Burger’s assumption was that participants willing to go beyond 150V would also go to _____V, similar to Milgram’s findings.
450
The ‘model refusal’ results were not very different from the base condition, which is odd because Social Impact Theory suggests the impact of authority would be _____.
lessened
Participants high in empathic concern showed reluctance to continue earlier, but this did not lead to a greater likelihood of _____ to continue.
refusing
The presence of a refusing model may undermine the tendency to assert personal _____ in the ‘model refusal’ condition.
control
Locus of control made a difference in obedience, suggesting some people resist the _____ state.
agentic
Burger’s sample included 70 people, which is larger than Milgram’s sample of _____ people.
40
Burger’s sample covered a wider age range, from 20 to _____ years old, compared to Milgram’s 20 to 50 years old.
81
Two thirds of Burger’s sample were women, while Milgram’s sample was composed entirely of _____.
male
Burger excluded people with emotional issues and some education in _____, which may have affected the _____ of the results.
Psychology, validity
Milgram’s original procedure is reliable because it can be _____ and has been replicated in _____ Variations.
replicated, 19
Burger followed Milgram’s script and used the same _____ every time to ensure consistency in his _____ study.
confederates, replication
By filming the study, Burger enhances _____ reliability, allowing others to judge participants’ _____ for themselves.
inter-rater, behavior
The study shows how obedience to authority can be increased in settings like _____, _____, and prisons.
schools, workplaces
Authority figures should wear symbols of authority and justify their power with reference to a _____ good.
greater
Testing for locus of control might identify those likely to be _____, as those needing control are less likely to take _____ from others.
disobedient, orders
Milgram’s study was criticized for lacking _____ validity due to the artificial nature of the task involving electric shocks.
ecological
Participants were paid in advance, indicating that _____ pressure influenced their decision to continue shocking, not a _____ calculation.
social, cost/benefit
Stopping the study at 150V may be _____ because it assumes participants would not have continued to higher voltages.
invalid
Burger screened out participants likely to be _____ by the study, addressing ethical concerns from Milgram’s original experiment.
distressed
The Experimenter in Burger’s study was a trained _____ psychologist who could identify signs of distress.
clinical
The study was approved by the university _____ Panel, which could shut it down if harm was evident.
Ethics
Burger reduced the test shock from 45V to a mild _____ to minimize distress among participants.
15V
Milgram’s participants were reduced to tears and some even _____ during the original study due to the high voltage shocks.
fainted
In Burger’s study, participants were deceived about the nature of the study, which was presented as a _____ study, not a _____ study.
memory, obedience
Burger’s study aimed to replicate Milgram’s findings while being more _____ and reducing participant _____ during the experiment.
ethical, distress
The BPS Ethical Guidelines state that participants must not experience _____; however, some participants in Burger’s study may have felt _____ during the procedure.
distress, discomfort
Burger’s assumption that participants willing to go beyond 150V would continue to 450V is known as the _____, but this may not be a _____ assumption.
150 Volt Solution, correct
To improve the validity of his study, Burger paid participants $50 in advance and informed them they could _____ at any time and still keep the _____ .
withdraw, money
Unlike Milgram, Burger screened out individuals with _____ issues to ensure that the experimenter could identify signs of _____ in participants.
emotional, suffering
Burger’s study has been criticized for its lack of _____ validity, as the act of giving electric shocks is considered _____ in real life.
ecological, artificial
The ‘model refusal’ condition in Burger’s study showed that participants might have had second thoughts and _____ out later, challenging Burger’s assumptions about their _____ .
backed, obedience
Burger’s study concluded that empathy did not significantly impact participants’ decisions to continue, raising questions about _____ and _____ in obedience studies.
empathy, influence
Burger’s research was designed to address ethical concerns raised by Milgram’s study, particularly regarding the _____ of participants during high-stress situations.
well-being
