Huan Children Conform to the Behaviour of Peers Flashcards
Human beings have created a variety of distinct cultural groups, each with its own ways of doing ____ and ____.
things, behaviors
Studies have shown that human children, chimpanzees, and orangutans can socially learn from ____ across transmission chains or via ____ diffusion.
conspecifics, open
Some of the most convincing evidence for nonhuman culture comes from the study of ____ and ____.
chimpanzees, orangutans
The effect of adjusting behavior to align with others is known as ____ or ____ conformity.
conformity, strong
Cultural transmission in humans and great apes involves learning from ____ and adjusting responses to ____.
peers, others
Distinct social groups in animals are defined by their ____ differences and ____ traits.
behavioral, cultural
The study of culture in nonhuman species challenges the belief that only humans have ____ culture.
distinctive
Chimpanzees and orangutans are considered humans’ closest ____ relatives, showing evidence of ____ culture.
phylogenetic, nonhuman
Cultural traits in animals are defined as socially acquired, ____-specific traits.
population
The research article discusses peer influence in great apes and how it compares to human ____ and ____.
behavior, learning
In the study of peer influence, groups move toward behavioral ____ while increasing between-groups _____.
homogeneity, heterogeneity
The youngest children shown to adjust their responses to peers were ____ years of age, according to Haun & Tomasello.
4
Peer influence has been extensively studied in adults, teenagers, and ____-age children.
school
The study compared 2-year-old children, chimpanzees, and ____ in their tendencies to abandon individual strategies.
orangutans
The available data on peer influence in children under the age of ____ remains comparatively sparse.
10
In the study, the mean age of chimpanzees was ____ months, with a range of 72 to 252 months.
121
The experimental setup consisted of a box with three sections, each of which was a _____.
different
The planned goal of participants per species was ____ but was not met due to a lack of available animals.
18
Some studies claim that nonhuman primates display humanlike _____, while others consider the case unsolved.
conformity
The research aimed to reconstruct the evolutionary history of peer influence in humans’ closest living relatives: the other great _____.
apes
In the study, participants could observe the actions of the demonstrator and the dispensing of _____ while having a clear line of sight to the _____.
the rewards, box
The demonstrators were trained to prefer one of the box’s three sections, and they used the same section _____ times each, receiving _____ reward for every ball.
twice, one
To analyze participants’ tendencies, researchers calculated a difference score by subtracting the number of _____ responses from the number of _____ responses.
stay, switch
The study found that the presence of a third response option, which was neither the demonstrated nor the _____ preference, influenced participants’ choices during the _____.
individually preferred, testing period
In the experiment, participants were given _____ balls, one at a time, to put into whichever section they chose, and all three choices were _____.
three, rewarded
The researchers used three demonstrators because previous studies indicated that an effective majority needs to include at least _____ peers to influence responses.
three
The coding of participants’ responses was done by two independent coders to minimize _____ error and ensure the accuracy of the _____.
coding, data
The results showed that individuals’ difference scores varied between _____ and _____, indicating preferences for staying or switching strategies.
−3, +3
If a participant was not looking while a demonstrator dropped the ball, the trial was _____ to ensure accurate observation of the _____.
repeated, actions
The study’s findings suggest that as the number of confederates increases, the effect on conforming responses _____ but diminishes with the increasing number of _____.
increases, confederates
In a study of peer influence, 12 of 18 children gave ____ responses while 6 gave ____ responses on Trial 1.
switch, stay
Among chimpanzees, 2 of 12 gave ____ responses and 10 of 12 gave ____ responses on Trial 1.
switch, stay
In the study, human children were more likely to ____ their behavior to that of their peers than chimpanzees and orangutans, who mostly ____ with their individually acquired strategies.
adjust, stayed
The study found that human children conformed in over half of all instances, while the two nonhuman great-ape populations almost exclusively ____ with their individually acquired strategies.
stayed
The experimental setup used peer demonstrators, identical ____ , and highly desirable ____ rewards across all species.
apparatuses, food
The study indicated that only human children adjusted their responses to match those of their peers, while chimpanzees and orangutans showed greater ____ behavioral conservatism.
general
In the study, only individuals demonstrating an understanding of the ____ participated, ensuring valid results across species.
apparatus
The findings suggest that future studies should accumulate results across various experimental designs to demonstrate greater ____ in human children.
conformity
The study compared the responses of children, chimpanzees, and ____ to peer influence in behavioral strategies.
orangutans
The research indicated that children as young as 2 years were more likely to ____ their behavior to that of their peers than the other two great-ape populations.
adjust
In the context of peer influence, children may adjust their behavior based on ____ or ____ motivations.
normative, informational
The strategy most individuals use is an aggregate of individual-learning outcomes, making it relatively ____ and ____.
safe, reliable
Normative conformity is often driven by considerations of ____ appearance, while informational conformity leads to genuine changes in ____ or perception.
public, attitudes
In Study 2, the researchers varied the privacy of children’s responses by allowing them to interact either ____ or ____ with the box.
publicly, privately
The study assessed the influence of the number of peer demonstrators by varying it between ____ and ____ demonstrators.
one, three
Children’s tendency to conform was expected to be ____ when responding privately compared to responding publicly.
less
Mathematical models suggest that conforming to the majority is adaptive in environments with frequent ____ between subpopulations.
migration
The distinction between normative and informational motivations was tested in ____-year-old children in Study 2.
2
In Study 2, children adjusted their behavior due to ____ motivations, conforming more in the presence of ____ than in their absence.
social, demonstrators
The tendency of 4-year-olds to conform varied based on whether they responded ____ or in ____ according to Haun & Tomasello, 2011.
publicly, private
Adults show increased peer influence with a rising number of ____ while 2-year-olds adjusted their behavior to ____ demonstrators.
demonstrators, one or three
Prior studies suggested majority effects without demonstrating their specificity to situations involving a ____ group of ____ peers.
majority, conspecific
Children in the study adjusted their behavior more readily than ____ and ____, who rarely adjusted to the majority’s preference.
chimpanzees, orangutans
Children adjusted their behavior partly for ____ motivations, while adults often adopted a ____ opinion under majority influence.
social, wrong
Future studies should explore differences between adjusting to peers’ preferences and adopting a ____ method under ____ influence.
less-effective, majority
The study found that children adjusted as much to ____ peer as they did to a ____ group of peers.
one, unanimous
In the studies discussed, individuals were required to either stay with their preferred behavior or ____ back to their peers’ behavior.
revert
The tendency to abandon a behavioral preference in favor of matching peers’ preferences occurs in ____ but not in chimpanzees or _____.
humans, orangutans
Children adjust their behavior due to social consequences of seeming more or less similar to their ____ while this is less evident in great apes like ____ and orangutans.
peers, chimpanzees
The difference in susceptibility to peer influence between children and great apes is driven by differences in ____ motivations.
social
Sticklebacks and vervet monkeys have been shown to abandon their feeding preferences when exposed to a group of ____ with a different preference.
conspecifics
Children’s ability to adjust their behavior to peers helps them deal with coordination problems in human social life, such as ____ and ____ interactions.
norms, social
The possibility remains that chimpanzees and orangutans will conform to their peers’ behavior under ____ circumstances.
different
The studies suggest that behavioral similarity mediates social relationships to a greater extent in children than in ____ and _____.
chimpanzees, orangutans
The adjustment of behavior in children promotes quick and stable in-group uniformity, stabilizing between-groups ____.
diversity
The single incidence of a chimpanzee adjusting behavior was reported several months after immigrating into a ____ group.
new
In the study of peer influence, chimpanzees and human children show ____-biased transmission, while orangutans do not exhibit this ____-bias.
majority, majority
Observational learning in orangutans is discussed in the work by Dindo, Stoinski, and Whiten, published in ____ Letters, volume ____.
Biology, 7
The concept of conformity to peer pressure in preschool children was explored by Haun and Tomasello in ____ Development, volume ____.
Child, 82
The evolution of conformist transmission and between-group differences was studied by Henrich and Boyd in ____ & Human Behavior, volume ____.
Evolution, 19
The social impact of majorities and minorities was analyzed by Latané and Wolf in the ____ Review, volume ____.
Psychological, 88
Cultural transmission of tool use in young children was examined in a diffusion chain study published in ____ Development, volume ____.
Social, 17
The book ‘The question of animal culture’ was authored by Laland and ____ in ____ University Press.
Galef, Harvard
In the study of social influences, Jenness published findings in The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology in ____ year.
1932
The research on majority influence in children and other animals was published in Developmental ____ Neuroscience, volume ____.
Cognitive, 3
The study of tradition over time in orangutans was conducted by Luncz and ____ in 2014.
Boesch
