Huan Children Conform to the Behaviour of Peers

Question 1

Human beings have created a variety of distinct cultural groups, each with its own ways of doing ____ and ____.

Answer 1

things, behaviors

Question 2

Studies have shown that human children, chimpanzees, and orangutans can socially learn from ____ across transmission chains or via ____ diffusion.

Answer 2

conspecifics, open

Question 3

Some of the most convincing evidence for nonhuman culture comes from the study of ____ and ____.

Answer 3

chimpanzees, orangutans

Question 4

The effect of adjusting behavior to align with others is known as ____ or ____ conformity.

Answer 4

conformity, strong

Question 5

Cultural transmission in humans and great apes involves learning from ____ and adjusting responses to ____.

Answer 5

peers, others

Question 6

Distinct social groups in animals are defined by their ____ differences and ____ traits.

Answer 6

behavioral, cultural

Question 7

The study of culture in nonhuman species challenges the belief that only humans have ____ culture.

Answer 7

distinctive

Question 8

Chimpanzees and orangutans are considered humans’ closest ____ relatives, showing evidence of ____ culture.

Answer 8

phylogenetic, nonhuman

Question 9

Cultural traits in animals are defined as socially acquired, ____-specific traits.

Answer 9

population

Question 10

The research article discusses peer influence in great apes and how it compares to human ____ and ____.

Answer 10

behavior, learning

Question 11

In the study of peer influence, groups move toward behavioral ____ while increasing between-groups _____.

Answer 11

homogeneity, heterogeneity

Question 12

The youngest children shown to adjust their responses to peers were ____ years of age, according to Haun & Tomasello.

Answer 12

4

Question 13

Peer influence has been extensively studied in adults, teenagers, and ____-age children.

Answer 13

school

Question 14

The study compared 2-year-old children, chimpanzees, and ____ in their tendencies to abandon individual strategies.

Answer 14

orangutans

Question 15

The available data on peer influence in children under the age of ____ remains comparatively sparse.

Answer 15

10

Question 16

In the study, the mean age of chimpanzees was ____ months, with a range of 72 to 252 months.

Answer 16

121

Question 17

The experimental setup consisted of a box with three sections, each of which was a _____.

Answer 17

different

Question 18

The planned goal of participants per species was ____ but was not met due to a lack of available animals.

Answer 18

18

Question 19

Some studies claim that nonhuman primates display humanlike _____, while others consider the case unsolved.

Answer 19

conformity

Question 20

The research aimed to reconstruct the evolutionary history of peer influence in humans’ closest living relatives: the other great _____.

Answer 20

apes

Question 21

In the study, participants could observe the actions of the demonstrator and the dispensing of _____ while having a clear line of sight to the _____.

Answer 21

the rewards, box

Question 22

The demonstrators were trained to prefer one of the box’s three sections, and they used the same section _____ times each, receiving _____ reward for every ball.

Answer 22

twice, one

Question 23

To analyze participants’ tendencies, researchers calculated a difference score by subtracting the number of _____ responses from the number of _____ responses.

Answer 23

stay, switch

Question 24

The study found that the presence of a third response option, which was neither the demonstrated nor the _____ preference, influenced participants’ choices during the _____.

Answer 24

individually preferred, testing period

Question 25

In the experiment, participants were given _____ balls, one at a time, to put into whichever section they chose, and all three choices were _____.

Answer 25

three, rewarded

Question 26

The researchers used three demonstrators because previous studies indicated that an effective majority needs to include at least _____ peers to influence responses.

Answer 26

three

Question 27

The coding of participants’ responses was done by two independent coders to minimize _____ error and ensure the accuracy of the _____.

Answer 27

coding, data

Question 28

The results showed that individuals’ difference scores varied between _____ and _____, indicating preferences for staying or switching strategies.

Answer 28

−3, +3

Question 29

If a participant was not looking while a demonstrator dropped the ball, the trial was _____ to ensure accurate observation of the _____.

Answer 29

repeated, actions

Question 30

The study’s findings suggest that as the number of confederates increases, the effect on conforming responses _____ but diminishes with the increasing number of _____.

Answer 30

increases, confederates

Question 31

In a study of peer influence, 12 of 18 children gave ____ responses while 6 gave ____ responses on Trial 1.

Answer 31

switch, stay

Question 32

Among chimpanzees, 2 of 12 gave ____ responses and 10 of 12 gave ____ responses on Trial 1.

Answer 32

switch, stay

Question 33

In the study, human children were more likely to ____ their behavior to that of their peers than chimpanzees and orangutans, who mostly ____ with their individually acquired strategies.

Answer 33

adjust, stayed

Question 34

The study found that human children conformed in over half of all instances, while the two nonhuman great-ape populations almost exclusively ____ with their individually acquired strategies.

Answer 34

stayed

Question 35

The experimental setup used peer demonstrators, identical ____ , and highly desirable ____ rewards across all species.

Answer 35

apparatuses, food

Question 36

The study indicated that only human children adjusted their responses to match those of their peers, while chimpanzees and orangutans showed greater ____ behavioral conservatism.

Answer 36

general

Question 37

In the study, only individuals demonstrating an understanding of the ____ participated, ensuring valid results across species.

Answer 37

apparatus

Question 38

The findings suggest that future studies should accumulate results across various experimental designs to demonstrate greater ____ in human children.

Answer 38

conformity

Question 39

The study compared the responses of children, chimpanzees, and ____ to peer influence in behavioral strategies.

Answer 39

orangutans

Question 40

The research indicated that children as young as 2 years were more likely to ____ their behavior to that of their peers than the other two great-ape populations.

Answer 40

adjust

Question 41

In the context of peer influence, children may adjust their behavior based on ____ or ____ motivations.

Answer 41

normative, informational

Question 42

The strategy most individuals use is an aggregate of individual-learning outcomes, making it relatively ____ and ____.

Answer 42

safe, reliable

Question 43

Normative conformity is often driven by considerations of ____ appearance, while informational conformity leads to genuine changes in ____ or perception.

Answer 43

public, attitudes

Question 44

In Study 2, the researchers varied the privacy of children’s responses by allowing them to interact either ____ or ____ with the box.

Answer 44

publicly, privately

Question 45

The study assessed the influence of the number of peer demonstrators by varying it between ____ and ____ demonstrators.

Answer 45

one, three

Question 46

Children’s tendency to conform was expected to be ____ when responding privately compared to responding publicly.

Answer 46

less

Question 47

Mathematical models suggest that conforming to the majority is adaptive in environments with frequent ____ between subpopulations.

Answer 47

migration

Question 48

The distinction between normative and informational motivations was tested in ____-year-old children in Study 2.

Answer 48

2

Question 49

In Study 2, children adjusted their behavior due to ____ motivations, conforming more in the presence of ____ than in their absence.

Answer 49

social, demonstrators

Question 50

The tendency of 4-year-olds to conform varied based on whether they responded ____ or in ____ according to Haun & Tomasello, 2011.

Answer 50

publicly, private

Question 51

Adults show increased peer influence with a rising number of ____ while 2-year-olds adjusted their behavior to ____ demonstrators.

Answer 51

demonstrators, one or three

Question 52

Prior studies suggested majority effects without demonstrating their specificity to situations involving a ____ group of ____ peers.

Answer 52

majority, conspecific

Question 53

Children in the study adjusted their behavior more readily than ____ and ____, who rarely adjusted to the majority’s preference.

Answer 53

chimpanzees, orangutans

Question 54

Children adjusted their behavior partly for ____ motivations, while adults often adopted a ____ opinion under majority influence.

Answer 54

social, wrong

Question 55

Future studies should explore differences between adjusting to peers’ preferences and adopting a ____ method under ____ influence.

Answer 55

less-effective, majority

Question 56

The study found that children adjusted as much to ____ peer as they did to a ____ group of peers.

Answer 56

one, unanimous

Question 57

In the studies discussed, individuals were required to either stay with their preferred behavior or ____ back to their peers’ behavior.

Answer 57

revert

Question 58

The tendency to abandon a behavioral preference in favor of matching peers’ preferences occurs in ____ but not in chimpanzees or _____.

Answer 58

humans, orangutans

Question 59

Children adjust their behavior due to social consequences of seeming more or less similar to their ____ while this is less evident in great apes like ____ and orangutans.

Answer 59

peers, chimpanzees

Question 60

The difference in susceptibility to peer influence between children and great apes is driven by differences in ____ motivations.

Answer 60

social

Question 61

Sticklebacks and vervet monkeys have been shown to abandon their feeding preferences when exposed to a group of ____ with a different preference.

Answer 61

conspecifics

Question 62

Children’s ability to adjust their behavior to peers helps them deal with coordination problems in human social life, such as ____ and ____ interactions.

Answer 62

norms, social

Question 63

The possibility remains that chimpanzees and orangutans will conform to their peers’ behavior under ____ circumstances.

Answer 63

different

Question 64

The studies suggest that behavioral similarity mediates social relationships to a greater extent in children than in ____ and _____.

Answer 64

chimpanzees, orangutans

Question 65

The adjustment of behavior in children promotes quick and stable in-group uniformity, stabilizing between-groups ____.

Answer 65

diversity

Question 66

The single incidence of a chimpanzee adjusting behavior was reported several months after immigrating into a ____ group.

Answer 66

new

Question 67

In the study of peer influence, chimpanzees and human children show ____-biased transmission, while orangutans do not exhibit this ____-bias.

Answer 67

majority, majority

Question 68

Observational learning in orangutans is discussed in the work by Dindo, Stoinski, and Whiten, published in ____ Letters, volume ____.

Answer 68

Biology, 7

Question 69

The concept of conformity to peer pressure in preschool children was explored by Haun and Tomasello in ____ Development, volume ____.

Answer 69

Child, 82

Question 70

The evolution of conformist transmission and between-group differences was studied by Henrich and Boyd in ____ & Human Behavior, volume ____.

Answer 70

Evolution, 19

Question 71

The social impact of majorities and minorities was analyzed by Latané and Wolf in the ____ Review, volume ____.

Answer 71

Psychological, 88

Question 72

Cultural transmission of tool use in young children was examined in a diffusion chain study published in ____ Development, volume ____.

Answer 72

Social, 17

Question 73

The book ‘The question of animal culture’ was authored by Laland and ____ in ____ University Press.

Answer 73

Galef, Harvard

Question 74

In the study of social influences, Jenness published findings in The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology in ____ year.

Answer 74

1932

Question 75

The research on majority influence in children and other animals was published in Developmental ____ Neuroscience, volume ____.

Answer 75

Cognitive, 3

Question 76

The study of tradition over time in orangutans was conducted by Luncz and ____ in 2014.

Answer 76

Boesch