Interviews and self reporting Flashcards
Self-reports are primarily used to gather information from ____ about their behavior or thoughts, contrasting with ____ which are researchers’ interpretations.
participants, observations
Interviews can be categorized into three types: ____ interviews, ____ interviews, and ____ interviews, each varying in structure and formality.
unstructured, structured, semi-structured
In structured interviews, the questions are ____ in advance, while in unstructured interviews, the conversation is more ____ and flexible.
fixed, natural
Semi-structured interviews aim to combine the validity of ____ interviews with the reliability of ____ interviews, making them more effective but also more challenging.
unstructured, structured
Questionnaires differ from interviews in that they are not conducted ____ and involve ____ responses from participants.
face-to-face, written
Open questions in questionnaires allow respondents to answer in any way they like, while closed questions restrict answers to a ____ of responses.
list
A Likert scale is used to measure attitudes by offering a statement and asking respondents to indicate their level of ____ or ____.
agreement, disagreement
Multiple choice questions in questionnaires produce ____ level data, allowing researchers to express results as ____ of responses.
nominal, percentages
Ranked scale questions provide ____ or ____ level data, allowing each respondent to receive their own score based on their answers.
interval, ratio
Interviews can suffer from ____ effects, where the researcher’s tone or body language may influence the interviewee’s responses.
researcher
In a semantic differential scale, the middle option scores ____, while placing yourself to the left or right scores ____.
0,-1,-2,+1,+2
Questionnaires are more common than interviews in psychology because they allow for ____ numbers of respondents to fill them in at the same time and require ____ skills from the researcher.
large, no particular
A psychometric test is a type of questionnaire that produces a score to measure a psychological ____, such as ____ traits.
characteristic,different personality
The Rorschach Test, also known as the ____, is a projective test that reveals a person’s inner character through their interpretation of inkblots.
inkblot test
Researcher effects can spoil the outcome of the self-report process because respondents may react to the researcher’s ____, ____, or ____ instead of the question itself.
appearance,body language,tone
A solution to researcher effects is the ____ technique, where the person asking questions is unaware of the true purpose of the research.
double-blind
Interviews suffer from researcher effects more than questionnaires, especially if the researcher is present when the questionnaire is being ____ or ____ .
filled out,completed
In clinical interviews, psychologists use ____ questions to gather as much relevant information as possible for diagnosis, especially for mental disorders.
open
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) is a ____ interview guide designed for making DSM-5 diagnoses.
semi-structured
Freud organized unstructured interviews with a 5-year-old boy named ____ to explore his phobia of horses.
Little Hans
Bandura et al. used a questionnaire to rate children for ____, while Becker et al. used the EAT-26 questionnaire to measure unhealthy ____ and ____ involving eating.
aggression,attitudes,behaviours
Sherif et al. used psychometric tests to measure boys’ feelings about their friends and also conducted ____ interviews to discuss their attitudes.
unstructured
The limitation of questionnaires is that only people who can ____ and ____ can complete them, which may exclude certain populations.
read,write
The scoring of a semantic differential scale can produce nominal level data, which reflects the frequency of ____ or ____ responses.
positive,negative
Researcher effects may make self-reports unreliable if some respondents react to researcher effects and others ____ .
don’t
A common example of a psychometric test is the ____ Test, which produces quantitative data and measures several psychological characteristics.
IQ
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was created by ____ in ____ to measure cognitive factors in ____.
Aaron Beck, 1961, depression
The PHQ-9 was created by ____ and ____ in ____ to assess symptoms of ____.
Kurt Kroenke, Robert Spitzer, 2001, depression
The Life Events & Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) was used in the Islington study by ____ to rate the severity of ____ events.
Brown et al., stressful life
The Beck Depression Inventory consists of ____ questions that assess both cognitive factors and ____ symptoms.
21, physical
The General Pathology Index (GPI) was used to assess the severity of ____ in Carol, rated from ____ to ____ during the study.
schizophrenia, 7, 1
The PHQ-8 is a shorter version of the PHQ-9, featuring ____ questions and scoring out of ____.
8, 24, 20 or over major depression
Self-reports in psychology can be affected by ____ characteristics, which may lead participants to give answers they think are desired.
demand
To improve the reliability of interviews, it is important to have ____ procedures and ensure that all participants are asked the same ____ in the same order.
standardized, questions
Social desirability bias can influence self-reports, leading participants to answer in a way that is ____ or ____ to the researcher.
impressive, alienating
The Beck Depression Inventory allows psychologists to statistically analyze depression by providing a quantitative score out of ____ for negative cognitions.
63
The reliability of questionnaires is generally higher than that of interviews because the questions are ____ in advance.
written down
The Public Health Questionnaire (PHQ) includes questions about feelings such as feeling down, feeling like a failure, and ____ problems.
sleep
A common issue with self-reports is that they may not yield accurate answers due to factors like ____ and ____ bias.
social desirability, researcher
The Life Events & Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) assesses the severity of stressful life events over the past ____ year(s).
1
The Beck Depression Inventory includes questions about physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of ____ in sex.
interest
The PHQ-8 is designed to be ____ and quicker to complete than the BDI, making it more accessible for participants.
shorter
To address the issue of low response rates in questionnaires, researchers might offer incentives like a ____ or entry into a ____.
free pen, raffle
The General Pathology Index (GPI) was used by Bradshaw to assess the severity of Carol’s schizophrenia, initially rated at ____ and later at ____ by the end of the study.
25 / 12
Self-reports can exclude individuals with poor ____ skills, who may struggle to understand or express themselves in writing.
literacy
The Beck Depression Inventory is a psychometric test that rates answers from ____ to ____ for each question.
0 to 3
The PHQ-8 allows psychologists to statistically analyze depression, but turning mood into a score is often seen as very _____.
reductionist
Interviews can be made more reliable through training interviewers to ask questions in the same way and ensuring ____ reliability.
inter-rater
A solution to demand characteristics in self-reports is to conceal the purpose of the research and include ____ questions that aren’t scored.
distractor
The Beck Depression Inventory was created to measure cognitive factors such as hopelessness, irritability, and feelings of ____ or being punished.
guilt
The PHQ-9 features ____ questions that assess both cognitive factors and physical symptoms related to depression.
9
The reliability of self-reports can be compromised by factors such as low response rates and the exclusion of certain ____ groups.
demographic
Researchers often try to ensure the researcher is the same ____ and ____ as the interviewee.
sex, race
Respondents who are articulate will provide more ____ information in interviews; literate people will respond to ____ at length.
quality, questionnaires
Interviews can be semi-structured, allowing the interviewer to ____ questions or ask the interviewee to ____ their answer.
rephrase, clarify
Ethical researchers show respect for ____ and ____ by keeping responses confidential.
privacy, dignity
To maintain integrity, it’s good practice to ____ respondents after they finish the self-report.
debrief
Self-reports should be transparent, meaning respondents should not be ____ during the process.
deceived
Social responsibility means making it clear what the self-report is ____.
for
Self-reports can cause ____ or ____ if questions are socially sensitive.
embarrassment, offence
Interviews are more ethical than questionnaires because the interviewer can ____ the question if the interviewee is uncomfortable.
rephrase
An example of a semi-structured interview is when Becker et al. interviewed Fijian schoolgirls about their attitudes to ____, ____, and their aspirations.
TV, dieting
Psychometric tests are questionnaires that produce ____ data to give a score to a psychological characteristic.
quantitative
Self-reports provide information about what a person is thinking and feeling, which is more valid than just observing their _____.
behavior
Both the social and learning approach benefit from self-reports as they help understand ____ and ____ of individuals.
motives, feelings
Self-reports can be invalid if the answers aren’t ____ due to socially-sensitive topics.
truthful
Interviews allow the interviewer to be more respectful of feelings, unlike ____ which can cause offence.
questionnaires
The interview method in psychology involves asking structured or ____ questions to gather information.
open-ended
Interviews help researchers understand subjective perspectives and gain a deeper understanding of ____ and psychological processes.
human behavior
In a 12-mark answer, you need a conclusion to achieve a mark in the ____ band.
top
An example of a psychometric test is the Desirability of Control Scale, which assesses if participants are motivated by a need to be in ____ of situations.
control
Interviews differ from questionnaires as they involve social ____, requiring researchers to have training.
interaction
Becker used translators in interviews to ensure the girls could answer in their preferred ____ instead of English.
language
In research, closed questions provide a fixed set of responses, while open questions allow people to express their thoughts in their own ____ and ____.
words, phrases
Structured interviews involve a set of prepared closed-ended questions that are read out in a ____ order and follow a ____ format.
specific, standardized
Unstructured interviews are often referred to as ‘discovery interviews’ and are more like a ____ conversation than a strictly ____ interview.
guided, structured
The main advantage of unstructured interviews is that they enable researchers to probe social actors’ ____ points of view and analyze their ____ and values.
subjective, attitudes
Interviewer self-disclosure can increase rapport but risks changing the dynamics away from focusing on the interviewee’s ____ and ____.
account, responses
Structured interviews are easy to replicate and quick to conduct, allowing for a large ____ to be obtained and findings to be ____ to a large population.
sample, generalized
One limitation of structured interviews is that they lack ____ because only closed questions are asked, generating ____ data.
detail, quantitative
Unstructured interviews generate qualitative data through the use of ____ questions, allowing respondents to talk in some ____ about their experiences.
open, depth
A key distinction between structured and unstructured interviews is the extent of ____; structured interviews follow a strict schedule while unstructured ones are more ____.
structure, flexible
Excessive informality and self-disclosure in interviews can risk the interview becoming more of an ordinary conversation and producing ____ accounts.
consensus
In a focus group interview, the role of the moderator is to ensure that the group stays ____ and interacts with each other while avoiding ____ topics.
focused, off-topic
Focus group interviews are primarily used to gain an in-depth understanding of ____ issues and are conducted with a ____ group of respondents.
social, selected
The strengths of group interviews include generating qualitative data through ____ questions and allowing respondents to express their ____ in depth.
open, thoughts
Semi-structured interviews allow for a mix of prepared questions and the ability to ____ beyond the initial answers, making them useful for exploring ____ questions.
probe, complex
One limitation of focus group interviews is the potential for ____ behavior, which can lead to participants giving ____ answers to conform to the group.
conformity, false
The interviewer effect can influence the responses of participants based on the interviewer’s ____ and perceived ____ in the interaction.
appearance, status
In semi-structured interviews, the interviewer prepares a set of questions but can also ask ____ questions to clarify or expand on topics.
additional
Focus groups are considered cost-effective for gathering consumer views, but they also require the researcher to maintain ____ and respect participants’ ____ during discussions.
confidentiality, privacy
The flexible nature of semi-structured interviews allows for the introduction of new ideas based on the respondents’ ____ during the conversation.
answers
One of the challenges of conducting focus group interviews is ensuring that all participants feel ____ to share their thoughts without fear of ____ from others.
comfortable, judgment
In interviews, the interviewer’s ____ and ____ can greatly influence the responses of participants.
assumptions, interests
The choice of interview location can affect the ____ and ____ between the interviewer and interviewee.
relationship, power dynamic
When designing an interview, it is important to consider the ____ and ____ of the interviewer.
gender, age
Remote interviews became necessary due to the ____ pandemic, allowing for increased ____ across distances.
COVID-19, flexibility
An interview schedule should include key themes and be organized ____ to follow the interviewee’s ____ .
logically, experiences
To ensure effective interviews, questions should be open-ended, non-leading, and focused on ____ .
examples
When interviewing vulnerable groups, such as children, it is important to avoid ____ interviews due to their limited ____ span.
lengthy, attention
Strategic use of ____ in interviews can help generate data led by the interviewee, but requires careful ____ .
silence, timing
The interviewer’s ____ and ____ can shape the framing and task instructions during an interview.
appearance, language
In remote interviews, it is crucial to ensure interviewees have access to ____ and an online ____ .
internet, platform
Pilot testing an interview schedule helps to ensure it generates ____ data and allows for necessary ____ .
useful, revisions
Active listening during interviews allows the interviewer to determine which questions can be ____ based on prior responses.
skipped
The flooding of interviews with the researcher’s agenda makes it difficult to separate the participant’s ____ from the interviewer’s ____ .
talk, concerns
Interviewers should adapt their language to match the respondents’ ____ , ____ , and ____ .
social background, educational level, ethnicity
To build rapport in remote interviews, it is helpful to allow time for ____ conversation at the start.
casual
The interviewer must ensure a responsible person knows where they are and when they are due ____ for safety reasons.
back
In an interview, leaving a silence after a TCU (turn) (turn construction unit) encourages the interviewee to provide more ____ without being led by the _____.
material, interviewer
Using directive questioning can lead to speculation and misinterpretation due to children’s ____ and ____ skills.
immature language, memory
Children’s shorter attention spans and fatigue can impact the quality of their ____ and make it challenging to obtain ____ from them.
responses, information
To create a child-friendly interview, interviewers should adopt a ____ approach and emphasize ____ questions.
child-centered, open-ended
Building rapport with children involves engaging in neutral conversations and using a ____ and ____ tone.
calm, reassuring
Interviewers should provide clear instructions and encourage children to ask for ____ if needed to ensure understanding and ____ during the interview.
clarification, honesty
Using interview aids like drawings should be done with caution to avoid leading or suggesting ____ to the child.
information
Interviewers often need to conduct multiple interviews to allow children time to process information and recall ____ details.
additional
Silence in interviews can feel socially awkward but is important for allowing interviewees time to ____ before answering.
think
Blunt backchannels like ‘mm hm’ help avoid interrupting the ____ of the interviewee’s narrative.
flow
In qualitative research, weighing up relevant tradeoffs is ____ and ____ for effective analysis.
key, essential
Audio recording is standard, but ____ better captures contextual details, which is useful for ____ approaches.
video, analysis
Participants may find video ____ for sensitive research, while digital formats enable the sharing of ____ clips.
invasive, anonymized
Doing all transcription is time-consuming, but ____ can save researcher effort while ensuring ____ assurances.
outsourcing, confidentiality
Online platform auto-captioning can facilitate rapid analysis, but accuracy limitations mean ____ remain ideal.
full transcripts
Verbatim transcripts best capture nuanced meaning, but the level of detail needed depends on the ____ approach.
analysis
Transcribing interviews involves playing back audio/video files to develop an overall understanding of the ____ and ____ exchange.
interview, verbal
When formatting the transcription document, it is important to add ____ and separate interviewer questions from ____ responses.
line numbers, interviewee
To highlight key passages in a transcript, use formatting like ____, ____, etc.
bold, italics
If translating the interview, use qualified translators and ____ where possible to ensure accuracy.
back-translate
The goal of transcription and coding is to systematically transform interview responses into a set of ____ and ____ that capture key concepts.
codes, themes
Highlighting insightful participant quotes that capture key concepts is known as ____ codes.
in vivo
Creating a codebook helps to organize and define codes with ____ and ____ for clarity.
examples, definitions
Ethical issues in research include informed consent, which must provide potential interviewees with a good idea of what is ____ in the research.
involved
True informed consent in interview research may require two distinguishable stages: consent to undertake the interview and consent to use the ____ in research.
material
Power fluctuates within interviews, as researchers rely on participation while interviewees control their ____ and can undermine data collection.
openness
Interviews on sensitive topics may feel like ____; interviewers must refrain from dual roles and provide support service details.
quasi-counseling
Some groups, like those with mental health issues, risk being discredited, creating tensions with qualitative approaches that seek to center ____ perspectives.
subjective
Analysis should balance openness to offered accounts with critically examining ____ and ____ behind them.
stakes, motivations
