Interviews and self reporting

Question 1

Self-reports are primarily used to gather information from ____ about their behavior or thoughts, contrasting with ____ which are researchers’ interpretations.

Answer 1

participants, observations

Question 2

Interviews can be categorized into three types: ____ interviews, ____ interviews, and ____ interviews, each varying in structure and formality.

Answer 2

unstructured, structured, semi-structured

Question 3

In structured interviews, the questions are ____ in advance, while in unstructured interviews, the conversation is more ____ and flexible.

Answer 3

fixed, natural

Question 4

Semi-structured interviews aim to combine the validity of ____ interviews with the reliability of ____ interviews, making them more effective but also more challenging.

Answer 4

unstructured, structured

Question 5

Questionnaires differ from interviews in that they are not conducted ____ and involve ____ responses from participants.

Answer 5

face-to-face, written

Question 6

Open questions in questionnaires allow respondents to answer in any way they like, while closed questions restrict answers to a ____ of responses.

Answer 6

list

Question 7

A Likert scale is used to measure attitudes by offering a statement and asking respondents to indicate their level of ____ or ____.

Answer 7

agreement, disagreement

Question 8

Multiple choice questions in questionnaires produce ____ level data, allowing researchers to express results as ____ of responses.

Answer 8

nominal, percentages

Question 9

Ranked scale questions provide ____ or ____ level data, allowing each respondent to receive their own score based on their answers.

Answer 9

interval, ratio

Question 10

Interviews can suffer from ____ effects, where the researcher’s tone or body language may influence the interviewee’s responses.

Answer 10

researcher

Question 11

In a semantic differential scale, the middle option scores ____, while placing yourself to the left or right scores ____.

Answer 11

0,-1,-2,+1,+2

Question 12

Questionnaires are more common than interviews in psychology because they allow for ____ numbers of respondents to fill them in at the same time and require ____ skills from the researcher.

Answer 12

large, no particular

Question 13

A psychometric test is a type of questionnaire that produces a score to measure a psychological ____, such as ____ traits.

Answer 13

characteristic,different personality

Question 14

The Rorschach Test, also known as the ____, is a projective test that reveals a person’s inner character through their interpretation of inkblots.

Answer 14

inkblot test

Question 15

Researcher effects can spoil the outcome of the self-report process because respondents may react to the researcher’s ____, ____, or ____ instead of the question itself.

Answer 15

appearance,body language,tone

Question 16

A solution to researcher effects is the ____ technique, where the person asking questions is unaware of the true purpose of the research.

Answer 16

double-blind

Question 17

Interviews suffer from researcher effects more than questionnaires, especially if the researcher is present when the questionnaire is being ____ or ____ .

Answer 17

filled out,completed

Question 18

In clinical interviews, psychologists use ____ questions to gather as much relevant information as possible for diagnosis, especially for mental disorders.

Answer 18

open

Question 19

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) is a ____ interview guide designed for making DSM-5 diagnoses.

Answer 19

semi-structured

Question 20

Freud organized unstructured interviews with a 5-year-old boy named ____ to explore his phobia of horses.

Answer 20

Little Hans

Question 21

Bandura et al. used a questionnaire to rate children for ____, while Becker et al. used the EAT-26 questionnaire to measure unhealthy ____ and ____ involving eating.

Answer 21

aggression,attitudes,behaviours

Question 22

Sherif et al. used psychometric tests to measure boys’ feelings about their friends and also conducted ____ interviews to discuss their attitudes.

Answer 22

unstructured

Question 23

The limitation of questionnaires is that only people who can ____ and ____ can complete them, which may exclude certain populations.

Answer 23

read,write

Question 24

The scoring of a semantic differential scale can produce nominal level data, which reflects the frequency of ____ or ____ responses.

Answer 24

positive,negative

Question 25

Researcher effects may make self-reports unreliable if some respondents react to researcher effects and others ____ .

Answer 25

don’t

Question 26

A common example of a psychometric test is the ____ Test, which produces quantitative data and measures several psychological characteristics.

Answer 26

IQ

Question 27

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was created by ____ in ____ to measure cognitive factors in ____.

Answer 27

Aaron Beck, 1961, depression

Question 28

The PHQ-9 was created by ____ and ____ in ____ to assess symptoms of ____.

Answer 28

Kurt Kroenke, Robert Spitzer, 2001, depression

Question 29

The Life Events & Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) was used in the Islington study by ____ to rate the severity of ____ events.

Answer 29

Brown et al., stressful life

Question 30

The Beck Depression Inventory consists of ____ questions that assess both cognitive factors and ____ symptoms.

Answer 30

21, physical

Question 31

The General Pathology Index (GPI) was used to assess the severity of ____ in Carol, rated from ____ to ____ during the study.

Answer 31

schizophrenia, 7, 1

Question 32

The PHQ-8 is a shorter version of the PHQ-9, featuring ____ questions and scoring out of ____.

Answer 32

8, 24, 20 or over major depression

Question 33

Self-reports in psychology can be affected by ____ characteristics, which may lead participants to give answers they think are desired.

Answer 33

demand

Question 34

To improve the reliability of interviews, it is important to have ____ procedures and ensure that all participants are asked the same ____ in the same order.

Answer 34

standardized, questions

Question 35

Social desirability bias can influence self-reports, leading participants to answer in a way that is ____ or ____ to the researcher.

Answer 35

impressive, alienating

Question 36

The Beck Depression Inventory allows psychologists to statistically analyze depression by providing a quantitative score out of ____ for negative cognitions.

Answer 36

63

Question 37

The reliability of questionnaires is generally higher than that of interviews because the questions are ____ in advance.

Answer 37

written down

Question 38

The Public Health Questionnaire (PHQ) includes questions about feelings such as feeling down, feeling like a failure, and ____ problems.

Answer 38

sleep

Question 39

A common issue with self-reports is that they may not yield accurate answers due to factors like ____ and ____ bias.

Answer 39

social desirability, researcher

Question 40

The Life Events & Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) assesses the severity of stressful life events over the past ____ year(s).

Answer 40

1

Question 41

The Beck Depression Inventory includes questions about physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of ____ in sex.

Answer 41

interest

Question 42

The PHQ-8 is designed to be ____ and quicker to complete than the BDI, making it more accessible for participants.

Answer 42

shorter

Question 43

To address the issue of low response rates in questionnaires, researchers might offer incentives like a ____ or entry into a ____.

Answer 43

free pen, raffle

Question 44

The General Pathology Index (GPI) was used by Bradshaw to assess the severity of Carol’s schizophrenia, initially rated at ____ and later at ____ by the end of the study.

Answer 44

25 / 12

Question 45

Self-reports can exclude individuals with poor ____ skills, who may struggle to understand or express themselves in writing.

Answer 45

literacy

Question 46

The Beck Depression Inventory is a psychometric test that rates answers from ____ to ____ for each question.

Answer 46

0 to 3

Question 47

The PHQ-8 allows psychologists to statistically analyze depression, but turning mood into a score is often seen as very _____.

Answer 47

reductionist

Question 48

Interviews can be made more reliable through training interviewers to ask questions in the same way and ensuring ____ reliability.

Answer 48

inter-rater

Question 49

A solution to demand characteristics in self-reports is to conceal the purpose of the research and include ____ questions that aren’t scored.

Answer 49

distractor

Question 50

The Beck Depression Inventory was created to measure cognitive factors such as hopelessness, irritability, and feelings of ____ or being punished.

Answer 50

guilt

Question 51

The PHQ-9 features ____ questions that assess both cognitive factors and physical symptoms related to depression.

Answer 51

9

Question 52

The reliability of self-reports can be compromised by factors such as low response rates and the exclusion of certain ____ groups.

Answer 52

demographic

Question 53

Researchers often try to ensure the researcher is the same ____ and ____ as the interviewee.

Answer 53

sex, race

Question 54

Respondents who are articulate will provide more ____ information in interviews; literate people will respond to ____ at length.

Answer 54

quality, questionnaires

Question 55

Interviews can be semi-structured, allowing the interviewer to ____ questions or ask the interviewee to ____ their answer.

Answer 55

rephrase, clarify

Question 56

Ethical researchers show respect for ____ and ____ by keeping responses confidential.

Answer 56

privacy, dignity

Question 57

To maintain integrity, it’s good practice to ____ respondents after they finish the self-report.

Answer 57

debrief

Question 58

Self-reports should be transparent, meaning respondents should not be ____ during the process.

Answer 58

deceived

Question 59

Social responsibility means making it clear what the self-report is ____.

Answer 59

for

Question 60

Self-reports can cause ____ or ____ if questions are socially sensitive.

Answer 60

embarrassment, offence

Question 61

Interviews are more ethical than questionnaires because the interviewer can ____ the question if the interviewee is uncomfortable.

Answer 61

rephrase

Question 62

An example of a semi-structured interview is when Becker et al. interviewed Fijian schoolgirls about their attitudes to ____, ____, and their aspirations.

Answer 62

TV, dieting

Question 63

Psychometric tests are questionnaires that produce ____ data to give a score to a psychological characteristic.

Answer 63

quantitative

Question 64

Self-reports provide information about what a person is thinking and feeling, which is more valid than just observing their _____.

Answer 64

behavior

Question 65

Both the social and learning approach benefit from self-reports as they help understand ____ and ____ of individuals.

Answer 65

motives, feelings

Question 66

Self-reports can be invalid if the answers aren’t ____ due to socially-sensitive topics.

Answer 66

truthful

Question 67

Interviews allow the interviewer to be more respectful of feelings, unlike ____ which can cause offence.

Answer 67

questionnaires

Question 68

The interview method in psychology involves asking structured or ____ questions to gather information.

Answer 68

open-ended

Question 69

Interviews help researchers understand subjective perspectives and gain a deeper understanding of ____ and psychological processes.

Answer 69

human behavior

Question 70

In a 12-mark answer, you need a conclusion to achieve a mark in the ____ band.

Answer 70

top

Question 71

An example of a psychometric test is the Desirability of Control Scale, which assesses if participants are motivated by a need to be in ____ of situations.

Answer 71

control

Question 72

Interviews differ from questionnaires as they involve social ____, requiring researchers to have training.

Answer 72

interaction

Question 73

Becker used translators in interviews to ensure the girls could answer in their preferred ____ instead of English.

Answer 73

language

Question 74

In research, closed questions provide a fixed set of responses, while open questions allow people to express their thoughts in their own ____ and ____.

Answer 74

words, phrases

Question 75

Structured interviews involve a set of prepared closed-ended questions that are read out in a ____ order and follow a ____ format.

Answer 75

specific, standardized

Question 76

Unstructured interviews are often referred to as ‘discovery interviews’ and are more like a ____ conversation than a strictly ____ interview.

Answer 76

guided, structured

Question 77

The main advantage of unstructured interviews is that they enable researchers to probe social actors’ ____ points of view and analyze their ____ and values.

Answer 77

subjective, attitudes

Question 78

Interviewer self-disclosure can increase rapport but risks changing the dynamics away from focusing on the interviewee’s ____ and ____.

Answer 78

account, responses

Question 79

Structured interviews are easy to replicate and quick to conduct, allowing for a large ____ to be obtained and findings to be ____ to a large population.

Answer 79

sample, generalized

Question 80

One limitation of structured interviews is that they lack ____ because only closed questions are asked, generating ____ data.

Answer 80

detail, quantitative

Question 81

Unstructured interviews generate qualitative data through the use of ____ questions, allowing respondents to talk in some ____ about their experiences.

Answer 81

open, depth

Question 82

A key distinction between structured and unstructured interviews is the extent of ____; structured interviews follow a strict schedule while unstructured ones are more ____.

Answer 82

structure, flexible

Question 83

Excessive informality and self-disclosure in interviews can risk the interview becoming more of an ordinary conversation and producing ____ accounts.

Answer 83

consensus

Question 84

In a focus group interview, the role of the moderator is to ensure that the group stays ____ and interacts with each other while avoiding ____ topics.

Answer 84

focused, off-topic

Question 85

Focus group interviews are primarily used to gain an in-depth understanding of ____ issues and are conducted with a ____ group of respondents.

Answer 85

social, selected

Question 86

The strengths of group interviews include generating qualitative data through ____ questions and allowing respondents to express their ____ in depth.

Answer 86

open, thoughts

Question 87

Semi-structured interviews allow for a mix of prepared questions and the ability to ____ beyond the initial answers, making them useful for exploring ____ questions.

Answer 87

probe, complex

Question 88

One limitation of focus group interviews is the potential for ____ behavior, which can lead to participants giving ____ answers to conform to the group.

Answer 88

conformity, false

Question 89

The interviewer effect can influence the responses of participants based on the interviewer’s ____ and perceived ____ in the interaction.

Answer 89

appearance, status

Question 90

In semi-structured interviews, the interviewer prepares a set of questions but can also ask ____ questions to clarify or expand on topics.

Answer 90

additional

Question 91

Focus groups are considered cost-effective for gathering consumer views, but they also require the researcher to maintain ____ and respect participants’ ____ during discussions.

Answer 91

confidentiality, privacy

Question 92

The flexible nature of semi-structured interviews allows for the introduction of new ideas based on the respondents’ ____ during the conversation.

Answer 92

answers

Question 93

One of the challenges of conducting focus group interviews is ensuring that all participants feel ____ to share their thoughts without fear of ____ from others.

Answer 93

comfortable, judgment

Question 94

In interviews, the interviewer’s ____ and ____ can greatly influence the responses of participants.

Answer 94

assumptions, interests

Question 95

The choice of interview location can affect the ____ and ____ between the interviewer and interviewee.

Answer 95

relationship, power dynamic

Question 96

When designing an interview, it is important to consider the ____ and ____ of the interviewer.

Answer 96

gender, age

Question 97

Remote interviews became necessary due to the ____ pandemic, allowing for increased ____ across distances.

Answer 97

COVID-19, flexibility

Question 98

An interview schedule should include key themes and be organized ____ to follow the interviewee’s ____ .

Answer 98

logically, experiences

Question 99

To ensure effective interviews, questions should be open-ended, non-leading, and focused on ____ .

Answer 99

examples

Question 100

When interviewing vulnerable groups, such as children, it is important to avoid ____ interviews due to their limited ____ span.

Answer 100

lengthy, attention

Question 101

Strategic use of ____ in interviews can help generate data led by the interviewee, but requires careful ____ .

Answer 101

silence, timing

Question 102

The interviewer’s ____ and ____ can shape the framing and task instructions during an interview.

Answer 102

appearance, language

Question 103

In remote interviews, it is crucial to ensure interviewees have access to ____ and an online ____ .

Answer 103

internet, platform

Question 104

Pilot testing an interview schedule helps to ensure it generates ____ data and allows for necessary ____ .

Answer 104

useful, revisions

Question 105

Active listening during interviews allows the interviewer to determine which questions can be ____ based on prior responses.

Answer 105

skipped

Question 106

The flooding of interviews with the researcher’s agenda makes it difficult to separate the participant’s ____ from the interviewer’s ____ .

Answer 106

talk, concerns

Question 107

Interviewers should adapt their language to match the respondents’ ____ , ____ , and ____ .

Answer 107

social background, educational level, ethnicity

Question 108

To build rapport in remote interviews, it is helpful to allow time for ____ conversation at the start.

Answer 108

casual

Question 109

The interviewer must ensure a responsible person knows where they are and when they are due ____ for safety reasons.

Answer 109

back

Question 110

In an interview, leaving a silence after a TCU (turn) (turn construction unit) encourages the interviewee to provide more ____ without being led by the _____.

Answer 110

material, interviewer

Question 111

Using directive questioning can lead to speculation and misinterpretation due to children’s ____ and ____ skills.

Answer 111

immature language, memory

Question 112

Children’s shorter attention spans and fatigue can impact the quality of their ____ and make it challenging to obtain ____ from them.

Answer 112

responses, information

Question 113

To create a child-friendly interview, interviewers should adopt a ____ approach and emphasize ____ questions.

Answer 113

child-centered, open-ended

Question 114

Building rapport with children involves engaging in neutral conversations and using a ____ and ____ tone.

Answer 114

calm, reassuring

Question 115

Interviewers should provide clear instructions and encourage children to ask for ____ if needed to ensure understanding and ____ during the interview.

Answer 115

clarification, honesty

Question 116

Using interview aids like drawings should be done with caution to avoid leading or suggesting ____ to the child.

Answer 116

information

Question 117

Interviewers often need to conduct multiple interviews to allow children time to process information and recall ____ details.

Answer 117

additional

Question 118

Silence in interviews can feel socially awkward but is important for allowing interviewees time to ____ before answering.

Answer 118

think

Question 119

Blunt backchannels like ‘mm hm’ help avoid interrupting the ____ of the interviewee’s narrative.

Answer 119

flow

Question 120

In qualitative research, weighing up relevant tradeoffs is ____ and ____ for effective analysis.

Answer 120

key, essential

Question 121

Audio recording is standard, but ____ better captures contextual details, which is useful for ____ approaches.

Answer 121

video, analysis

Question 122

Participants may find video ____ for sensitive research, while digital formats enable the sharing of ____ clips.

Answer 122

invasive, anonymized

Question 123

Doing all transcription is time-consuming, but ____ can save researcher effort while ensuring ____ assurances.

Answer 123

outsourcing, confidentiality

Question 124

Online platform auto-captioning can facilitate rapid analysis, but accuracy limitations mean ____ remain ideal.

Answer 124

full transcripts

Question 125

Verbatim transcripts best capture nuanced meaning, but the level of detail needed depends on the ____ approach.

Answer 125

analysis

Question 126

Transcribing interviews involves playing back audio/video files to develop an overall understanding of the ____ and ____ exchange.

Answer 126

interview, verbal

Question 127

When formatting the transcription document, it is important to add ____ and separate interviewer questions from ____ responses.

Answer 127

line numbers, interviewee

Question 128

To highlight key passages in a transcript, use formatting like ____, ____, etc.

Answer 128

bold, italics

Question 129

If translating the interview, use qualified translators and ____ where possible to ensure accuracy.

Answer 129

back-translate

Question 130

The goal of transcription and coding is to systematically transform interview responses into a set of ____ and ____ that capture key concepts.

Answer 130

codes, themes

Question 131

Highlighting insightful participant quotes that capture key concepts is known as ____ codes.

Answer 131

in vivo

Question 132

Creating a codebook helps to organize and define codes with ____ and ____ for clarity.

Answer 132

examples, definitions

Question 133

Ethical issues in research include informed consent, which must provide potential interviewees with a good idea of what is ____ in the research.

Answer 133

involved

Question 134

True informed consent in interview research may require two distinguishable stages: consent to undertake the interview and consent to use the ____ in research.

Answer 134

material

Question 135

Power fluctuates within interviews, as researchers rely on participation while interviewees control their ____ and can undermine data collection.

Answer 135

openness

Question 136

Interviews on sensitive topics may feel like ____; interviewers must refrain from dual roles and provide support service details.

Answer 136

quasi-counseling

Question 137

Some groups, like those with mental health issues, risk being discredited, creating tensions with qualitative approaches that seek to center ____ perspectives.

Answer 137

subjective

Question 138

Analysis should balance openness to offered accounts with critically examining ____ and ____ behind them.

Answer 138

stakes, motivations