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Anatomy Block 4 > Radiology of the Pelvis and Lower Limb > Flashcards

Radiology of the Pelvis and Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is ordered as an initial examination of the pelvis

A

flat upright film PA radiograph

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2
Q

What skeletal landmarks should be recognized on a pa radiograph (10)

A 
sacroiliac joints
sacrum
iliac wings
pubic symphysis
ASIS
AIIS
Obturator foramen
superior pubic rami
Inferior pubic rami
Ischium

SSSIIIAAPO

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3
Q

What skeletal landmarks should be identified on CT (7)

A 
sacroiliac joints 
sacral neural foramina
sacral wings
iliac wings
acetabulum
superior pubic rami
inferior pubic rami

AIISSSS

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4
Q

What soft tissues structures should be identified on a CT scan of the pelvis

A

Urinary bladder
prostate/seminal vesicles in males
uterus in females

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5
Q

what gives the rectum a bubbly appearance

A

presence of stool and as such small gas pockets

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6
Q

What is the type of plane film used to visualize the uterine cavity and the uterine tubes

A

hysterosalpingograph

contrast introduced into vagina and uterus

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7
Q

What would be used to evaluate the uterus for masses and congenital anatomic variations (bicornuate uterus affecting fertility)

A

MRI

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8
Q

What would be used to asses the prostate gland in the setting of prostate cancer

A

MRI

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9
Q

What would be used to image suspected ovarian or uterine pathology

A

Utrasound

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10
Q

What would be used for obstetrical evaluation of the fetus

A

Ultrasound

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11
Q

What imaging method would be used to visualize the testis

A

Ultrasound

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12
Q

What is “the window” to visualize structure in pelvis with ulrasound and why

A

Urinary bladder

because sound travels well through liquid

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13
Q

How are suspected ovarian masses best evaluated

A

ultrasound

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14
Q

What can be placed near the uterus and ovaries allowing for better images

A

endovaginal ultrasound probes

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15
Q

What are the typical views of the hip that are obtained

A

AP and “frog leg” lateral views

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16
Q

What is the “frog leg” lateral view

A

frontal view obtained with leg abducted and externally rotated

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17
Q

What does the “frog leg” lateral view allow for best visualization of

A

anatomic neck of proximal femur (common site of femur fractures)

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18
Q

What is the relation of the posterior acetabular lip to the anterior acetabular lip on a frontal film and why

A

it is sloped so

posterior is seen inferior to anterior

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19
Q

What three bones make up the acetabulum

A

illium
ischium
pubis

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20
Q

What covers the femoral head

A

hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

Where is the femoral head not covered by cartilage

A

fovea (site of ligament attachment)

22
Q

What is the best imaging for avascualr necrosis

A

MRI

23
Q

What is a frequent site of fracture especially in elderly

A

femoral neck

24
Q

What film has issues identifying femoral neck factures , what is used in addition then

A

plain films

MRI or CT is often perforemd

25
Q

What has the greatest sensitivity in iding nondisplaced femoral neck fractures

A

MRI

26
Q

What is the most common direction for femoral disslocation and what normally associates with it

A

Posterior

Associated fracture of posterior acetabulum

27
Q

What actions usually cause posterior dislcoations of the femur

A

Motor vehicle accident (dashboard drives femur posteriorly)

28
Q

What actions usually cause anter dislcoations of the femur? how are anterior dislocations different from posterior

A

abduction and external rotation of the hip

Not associated with fractures

29
Q

What are the typical views obtained of the knee

A

Lateral
AP
Tunnel
Sunrise

LATS

30
Q

What is the knee a frequent site of

A

fracture and ligamentous inury

31
Q

What can plain films reveal and not reveal about a knee

A

Can reveal prescence of fracture or effusion

Cant: ligamentous and meniscal injury (due to radioleucency)

32
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body

A

Patella

33
Q

What does the patella articulate with

A

distal anterior femur at patellar groove

34
Q

How is the patella best assessed when using plain films

A

using lateral and sunrise views

35
Q

What is the main imaging for identifying ligamentous and meniscal injuries preoperatively

A

MRI

36
Q

What is the best imaging for diagnosing cruciate ligament tears

A

MRI

37
Q

What are the standard vies for the ankle

A

AP
Lateral
Oblique

38
Q

What should be observed onthe oblique view

A

entirety of ankle joint space should be symmetric

39
Q

What is a site of fequent fracture with ankle injuries and which view should be used to evaluate it

A

base of 5th metatarsal

lateral view

40
Q

What bones are located directly inferior to the head of the 1st metatarsal

A

2 sesamoid bones

41
Q

What are 4 ways to nonivasively study the vessels of the pelvis and lower extremity

A

Doppler
Ultrasound
Nuclear medicine techniques
Magnetic resonance Angiography (MRA)

42
Q

How is the arterial system generally studied

A

injection of radio opaque contrast directly into target vessels

43
Q

What is the point of entry for arteriograms Why?

A

femoral artery in femoral triangle

can be readily accessed for catheterization and then pushed against the femur to induce clotting once the procedure is concluded

44
Q

When does the femoral bifurcate into the deep femoral (profunda)

A

2 inches beyond the inguinal ligament

45
Q

Which is the larger of the branches of the tibial artery? what does it give off

A

posterior tibial

fibular

46
Q

What is the most frequent indication for studying veins

A

to determine presence of blood clots

venous thrombosis

47
Q

Why is accurate assessment of the venous system essential?

A

clots can break up and pass to the lungs with sometime fatal consequences

48
Q

What is the most common non invasive method for studying veins

A

Doppler ultrasound

49
Q

For which area is the doppler ultrasound effective

A

effective in studying the veins from the lower external iliac system down to the popliteal area

some patients, the veins of the calf can also be seen

50
Q

Why are dopler studies often all that is required for clot adequate care assesment, even with their limited area of effectiveness?

A

clots arising from popliteal and femoral veins are much more prone to break off and pass to the lungs than those in the calf

51
Q

What are the superficial veins frequently used as

A

bypass vessels for coronaries and leg arteries

Anatomy Block 4 (16 decks)

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