Clinical Embryology

Question 1

How common are accessory renal arteries

Answer 1

Common in about 25% of people

Question 2

What negative can happen with accessory renal arteries to inferior pole of kidney

Answer 2

may pass anterior to ureter and obstruct it

cause urine retention and subsequent distension of the pelvis and calyces (hydronephrosis)

Question 3

What is Unilateral renal agenesis and how frequent is it

Answer 3

Lack of one kidney

once in every 1000

Question 4

What is Bialteral renal agenisis and how frequent is it and what can be associated with it

Answer 4

lack of both kidneys

once in every 3000

assoc w/ oligohydramnios (decreased amniotic fluid) because little or no urine is contributed to amniotic fluid
(usually die shortly after birth)

Question 5

What are Ectopic kidneys, what is common with it

Answer 5

kidneys located in an abnormal position

often found in pellvis

Question 6

What could cause the ascent of kidneys to get stopped at the inferior mesenteric artery and what is it called/its symptoms

Answer 6

fusion of the inferior poles of the kidneys

u shaped organ called horseshoe kidney

is asymptomatic

Question 7

What is the most common anomaly of the penis and its characteristics

Answer 7

Hypospadius (1 in 300)

opening of the external urethral orifice ventrally on the penis

Question 8

Where can abnormal openings of the external urethral oriffice occur with hypospadius

Answer 8

ventral surface of glans, penile shaft, junction of penis and scrotum, or at perinium

Question 9

What is seen wth perineal hypospadias

Answer 9

failure of labioscrotal folds to fuse resulting in ambiguous genitalia

Question 10

What is the cause of hypospadias

Answer 10

inadequate production of androgens or mutated androgen receptors on the urogenital folds

Envir and genetic factors could be involved

Question 11

What is epispadias and what is it associated with

Answer 11

urethra opening on dorsal surface of the penis

exstrophy (eversion of the urinary bladder)

Question 12

What is Intersexuality

Answer 12

disorders in which there is a discrepancy betwen morphology of the gonads and appearance of external genitals

Question 13

What are true gonadal intersex individuals

Answer 13

have both ovarian and testicular tissue

BUT VERY RARE

Question 14

what are 46 XX intersex people considered and what do they have

Answer 14

female pseudohermaphrodites

have ovaries but male genitals

Question 15

What is the most common cause of 46 XX intersex

Answer 15

congenital adrenal hyperlasia

Question 16

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 16

fetal suprarenal (adrenal) glands produce excessive androgens that cause virilization of external genetalia

(clitoral hypertrophy partial fusion of labia majora etc)

Question 17

What are 46 XY intersex people considered and wwhat do they have

Answer 17

male pseudohermaphrodites

have testes but exhibit female or ambiguous genitals

Question 18

What is the common cause of 46XY intersex

Answer 18

inadequate production of fetal testosterone and MIS which results in diminutive male genitalia

Question 19

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome also called and what does it present as

Answer 19

testicular feminization syndrome

has testes and 46 XY but appears as female

Question 20

What is the cause/mechanism behind androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 20

defect in androgen receptors leading to an inappropriate response to androgen exposure

Question 21

What is Cryptochidism and how frequent is it

Answer 21

3-4% full term males

testes remain in abdominal cavity

Question 22

What results from Cryptochidism

Answer 22

usually tests fail to mature leading to sterility

also may lead to testicular cancer

Question 23

What can cause an ectopic testes and where are the most likely locations (4)

Answer 23

gubernaculum pulls to wrong location

usually dorsal to penis
proximal medial thigh
opposite side
or interstitial (external to aponeruosis of external abdominal oblique)

Question 24

What can an opening in the processes vaginalis result in

Answer 24

allowing peritoneal fluids to accumulate and form a hydrocele of the testes or spermatic cord

Question 25

What can occur with a patent processus vaginalis

Answer 25

site of indirect inguinal hernia

Question 26

Primordial germ cells are first recognizable early in the fourth week in the:
Dorsal mesentery
Primary sex cords
Wall of the umbilical vesicle
Gonadal ridges
Wall of the allantois

Answer 26

wall of the umbilical vesicle

early in 4th week is before umbilical vesicle is incorporated into embryo

late 4th they migrate along dorsal mesentery of hindgut

Question 27

The paramesonephric ducts in female embryos give rise to the:
Vestibule of the vagina
uterine tubes
inferior part of vagina
round ligament of the uterus
ovarian ligament

Answer 27

Uterine tubes

vestibule and inferior poriton of vagina from urogenital sinus

round and ovarian ligaments from gubernaculum