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PSYC 304 Research Methods Athabasca > quizzes from textbook site > Flashcards

quizzes from textbook site Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are empirical ways of knowing?

a. Authority and logic
b. Authority and Science
c. Intuition and Science
d. Logic and intuition

A

c

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2
Q

The problem with common sense as a way of knowing is

a. There’s no problem with common sense
b. It is not based on formal logic
c. Standards of common sense vary according to the culture
d. It is a nonempirical method of knowing

A

c

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3
Q

The theory of obesity that makes the prediction that there should be situations in which overweight people eat less than average-weight people is

a. Based on common sense
b. Nonempirical
c. Based on authority
d. Counterintuitive

A

d

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4
Q

Which is not an obstacle to finding the cause of some effect?

a. Sometimes the real cause is another event correlated with the suspected cause.
b. Causes sometimes happen after their effects.
c. We often overlook the real cause.
d. Some events are just coincidences

A

b

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5
Q

Speculations about the relationship between two or more variables are called

a. generalizations
b. constructs
c. concepts
d. hypotheses

A

d

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6
Q

A Psychological Journal is

a. Another term for a Psychology textbook
b. A professional magazine
c. A notebook for writing down your most important thoughts
d. A notebook for writing down the details of an experiment

A

b

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7
Q

The pre-publication process in which work submitted for publication is evaluated by others is called

a. Other evaluation
b. Peer review
c. Informative selection
d. Filtered evidence

A

b

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8
Q

Information obtained from a web site gains credibility if

a. All of these increase credibility.
b. the author is a well known authority
c. you can find biographical material validating the author’s credentials
d. the author’s work is cited approvingly by a well-known authority

A

a

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9
Q

Some search engines

a. Are limited to subscribers
b. Sell space to advertisers.
c. Are slowed by other programs on your computer
d. Store electronic journal articles

A

b

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10
Q

If you push the Cited References button after looking up an article in PsycINFO, you effectively

a. Annotate your document
b. Move backwards in time as to the known research on your topic
c. Move forwards in time as to the known research on your topic
d. Search for keywords

A

b

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11
Q

Ethical standards in psychological research are tentative because:

a. they are intended to be flexible
b. the APA knows that outsiders may not agree
c. the APA cannot agree on what they should be
d. they change with the times

A

d

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12
Q

All experiments conducted on human participants at an institution

a. require that the departmental chair is informed of the experiment
b. require a full review by the IRB
c. require an expedited review by the IRB
d. require that the IRB is informed of the experiment

A

d

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13
Q

The APA Code of Ethics says that participants have a right to

a. Interact with Ph.D level researchers
b. Large sums of money
c. Find out the details of the experimental design
d. Proceed with the experiment only after informed consent has been given

A

d

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14
Q

Plagiarism is

a. Giving instructions to the participant
b. Informing participants after the session of the experiment’s true purpose
c. Presenting a portion of someone else’s work as your own
d. Filing all the papers associated with the experiment

A

c

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15
Q

Most psychologists believe that

a. animals are part of a moral community
b. humans are responsible for treating research animals humanely
c. animals have certain legal rights
d. animals should not be used in research

A

b

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16
Q

Familiarity with APA format

a. All of these
b. Is important for submitting a review article to a psychological journal
c. Makes reading and writing professional literature more convenient
d. Is important for submitting an empirical report to a psychological journal

A

a

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17
Q

Making every word count in a document is an example of which writing goal?

a. Brevity
b. Felicity
c. An argument
d. Clarity

A

a

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18
Q

Authors on a paper are usually listed in

a. Alphabetically
b. By institution
c. Order of their contribution level
d. Arbitrarily

A

c

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19
Q

When you write a paper in APA style, you should report your results in

a. the past perfect tense
b. the present tense
c. the past tense
d. any of these

A

c

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20
Q

Which one of the following is the correct APA style of documenting the authors of a work cited in the text of a paper?

a. McBurney et al. (1999) found that…
b. McBurney & Middleton (1999) found that…
c. McBurney and Middleton (1999) found that…
d. (McBurney and Middleton 1999) found that…

A

c

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21
Q

Consider the following research title: “Cooperation among nursery school children under two types of instruction.” In this study the independent variable is

a. nursery school children
b. not stated in the title
c. types of instruction
d. cooperation

A

c

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22
Q

Which one of the following represents a continuous variable?

a. Number of books borrowed from the library
b. The siblings possessed by the average college student
c. Number of students sharing a dorm room
d. The height of the average freshman college student

A

d

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23
Q

Which one of the following is an example of an interval level of measurement?

a. weight (in pounds)
b. temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit)
c. age (in years)
d. height (in inches)

A

b

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24
Q

The idea that a test appears to be measuring what it is supposed to be measuring relates to

a. both, face validity and construct validity
b. internal validity
c. construct validity
d. face validity

A

a

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25
Q

Systematic error is

a. another name for error variance
b. more serious than error variance
c. error that is not associated with the independent variable
d. error associated with the independent variable

A

c

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26
Q

Confounding is a threat to ________ validity

a. external
b. statistical
c. internal
d. construct

A

c

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27
Q

If you wanted to make sure that fingernail biting was a good way to classify your participants regarding their anxiety level by also testing them with the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, you would have used a(n)

a. validity verification
b. manipulation check
c. extraneous variable
d. generalization evaluation

A

b

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28
Q

A change in behavior simply as a result of earlier experience in the study is a threat to ________ validity.

a. statistical
b. external
c. internal
d. construct

A

c

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29
Q

People tend to deviate from their true score on a test due to

a. maturation
b. regression effect
c. random error
d. mortality

A

c

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30
Q

Milgram’s famous study (1963) in which people were led to believe that they were administering shocks to other people illustrates the power of obedience and

a. evaluation apprehension
b. selection bias
c. experimenter bias
d. role demands

A

d

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31
Q

Is it true that every experiment must have a control group that does not experience the independent variable?

a. Yes, a control group that does not experience the independent variable is necessary
b. Only if you want to have a reliable experiment
c. Only if you want to have a valid experiment
d. Control conditions do not always include a level in which the independent variable is absent.

A

d

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32
Q

Failing to confirm a hypothesis

a. Means that problems could have occurred in the operationalization of variables
b. Proves that the hypothesis was wrong
c. All of these
d. Means that problems could have occurred in the instrumentation of the experiment

A

c

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33
Q

Which one of the following is not a good general strategy for achieving control in research?

a. using trained researchers
b. using a laboratory setting
c. instrumenting the response
d. avoiding designs that require statistical analyses

A

d

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34
Q

Matching may justified in an experiment if

a. it is feasible to present a pretest before assigning subjects to conditions
b. there is a variable that is highly correlated with the dependent variable
c. Both, there is a variable that is highly correlated with the dependent variable, and it is feasible to present a pretest before assigning subjects to conditions, are true.
d. Matching is always justified.

A

c

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35
Q

The number of subjects to be used in an experiment should depend mainly on

a. the size of the effect
b. the anticipated variability of the data
c. both, the size of the effect, and the anticipated variability of the data
d. the number available

A

c

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36
Q

The hermeneutic approach

a. seeks reasons, not causes
b. seeks causes, not reasons
c. avoids interpretation
d. Both, seeks causes, not reasons and avoids interpretation, are true

A

a

37
Q

Collett and Marsh (1974) videotaped instances when two people met in a hallway to avoid collision. This type of research is called

a. naturalistic observation
b. participant-observer
c. archival
d. case study

A

a

38
Q

One of the challenges of performing archival research is

a. Finding the archives that contain the information
b. Figuring out statistical analysis
c. Locating an appropriate subject
d. Return rate

A

a

39
Q

An effective method of increasing the reliability of content analysis is to

a. use a standardized coding scheme, and use two or more coders to interpret the data
b. use a standardized coding scheme
c. use a single coder to interpret the data
d. use two or more coders to interpret the data

A

a

40
Q

A pilot study

a. is required for all studies
b. helps find the bugs in a design
c. reduces the credibility of the later study because the researcher has tested the design in advance
d. is mostly for inexperienced researchers

A

b

41
Q

One of the reasons that researchers will often use an existing questionnaire rather than designing their own is

a. In situations where the purpose of the questionnaire is poorly defined
b. In situations where the variables of interest are unclear
c. To minimize history as a threat to internal validity
d. To be able to compare their results to others who have used the survey

A

d

42
Q

A verification key checks for

a. recording errors
b. influence of social desirability
c. poor command of language
d. careless responses

A

b

43
Q

Which of the following is NOT a problem in face to face interviewing?

a. Safety
b. Difficult to supervise interviewers
c. Problems in answering questions in the intended order
d. Expense

A

c

44
Q

The randomized response technique permits the investigator to

a. code the data in such a way as to recover the true response of each participant
b. randomly select subjects
c. estimate the rate of a behavior in the population without knowing an individual’s true response
d. identify participants who are lying

A

a

45
Q

A research procedure in which the scientist has complete control over all aspects of the study is called:

a. A survey
b. A quasi-experiment
c. A true experiment
d. An archival study

A

c

46
Q

The two basic elements of a true experimental design are

a. a control group and random allocation of subjects to conditions
b. random selection of subjects and random allocation of subjects to conditions
c. random selection of subjects and each subject experiences every condition
d. a control group or a control condition and random allocation of subjects to groups

A

d

47
Q

Reverse counterbalancing cannot control for ________ effects

a. sequence
b. nonlinear
c. order
d. within-subjects

A

b

48
Q

In a study of preference for four different clothing styles, each participant is asked to evaluate all four styles in a reverse counterbalanced order. What type of design does this study represent?

a. Between-subjects factorial design
b. Mixed factorial design
c. Multiple conditions between subjects design
d. Multiple conditions within-subjects design

A

d

49
Q

You survey a group of people who have just finished college, most of whom say that the experience was worthwhile and that they learned a lot. What experimental design does this represent?

a. Posttest-only with nonequivalent control groups
b. One-group posttest-only design
c. Archival
d. Single-factor within-subjects

A

b

50
Q

In a study of preference for four different clothing styles, each participant is asked to evaluate all four styles in a reverse counterbalanced order. What type of design does this study represent?

a. one-variable between subjects design
b. mixed factori
c. one-variable within-subjects design
d. al design
e. between-subjects factorial design

A

c

51
Q

A major advantage of a two-factor analysis of variance over a one-factor analysis of variance is that

a. interaction between factors can be identified
b. the denominator of the F-test is increased
c. power is often increased
d. both, power is often increased, and interaction between factors can be identified

A

d

52
Q

Which one of the following statements is always true when an interaction exists between the variables in a factorial design?

a. there is as least one significant main effect
b. all of these
c. the effect of one independent variable depends, to some extent, on which level of the second variable is considered
d. One independent variable has an effect regardless of the level of a second variable

A

c

53
Q

In a two-by-two factorial design, you find that the high level of caffeine paired with high level of sugar produces the most memory improvement. Your results show

a. no interaction
b. a ceiling effect interaction
c. a synergistic interaction
d. an antagonistic interaction

A

c

54
Q

Strayer, Drews, and Johnston (2003) had participants in a study follow a pace car in front of them in a driving simulator. Half of the participants found themselves driving in heavy stop-and-go traffic in the simulator, while the other half were in the same situation in lighter traffic. Strayer and his colleagues measured how quickly each participant was able to apply the brakes when the car in front of them stopped under two different conditions that formed the within-subjects variable: When they were involved in a cell phone conversation on an interesting topic and when they were not on the telephone. The design of this experiment was

a. mixed factorial design
b. one variable between-subjects
c. one variable within-subjects
d. within-subjects factorial design

A

a

55
Q

Single subject research

a. permits easier use of sophisticated statistical analysis
b. permits better comparison between subjects
c. began long before the development of modern statistics
d. was developed recently because of dissatisfaction with group experiments

A

c

56
Q

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

a. the researcher does not have to be concerned with validity
b. Individuals always act as their own controls
c. it is better suited for answering the question: “Which factor is the most effective?”
d. the knowledge gained can also be generalized to groups

A

b

57
Q

A woman with chronic pain takes a course in relaxation therapy and reports that she has less pain. Can you be sure that the course really led to the pain relief?

a. No, there are too many potentially confounding variables.
b. No, you can never trust what patients tell you.
c. Only if we are careful to use the same pain scale before and after treatment.
d. Yes

A

a

58
Q

Withdrawing the treatment is

a. An important way to increase reliability in single-subject research
b. A way to evaluate the effects of error variance
c. Similar to using multiple baselines
d. An important control strategy in single-subject research

A

d

59
Q

Despite the name, in the ________ single-subject design, more than one person can be tested.

a. multiple-baseline design
b. multiple-conditions design
c. changing-criterion design
d. interaction design

A

a

60
Q

hen a researcher has some degree of control over the independent variable, but not full control, the type of research is called

a. Factorial
b. Single factor
c. Survey
d. Quasi experimental

A

d

61
Q

A criminal psychologist is interested in studying the effect of a new furlough program on inmate morale. There are two prisons involved in the study. One prison will institute the furlough program and the other prison will not. The psychologist arranges with the superintendent of both prisons to measure inmate morale before the furlough program begins and six months after the program has started. What type of quasi experimental design is illustrated in this example?

a. interrupted time series
b. nonequivalent control group
c. regression discontinuity
d. repeated treatment

A

b

62
Q

An interrupted time series design lacks

a. manipulation of an independent variable
b. a control group
c. external validity
d. statistical control over many extraneous variables

A

b

63
Q

A ________ study tests the same group of individuals over a long period of time.

a. cohort
b. cross sectional
c. cross sequential
d. longitudinal

A

d

64
Q

People sometimes resist a program evaluation because

a. They are afraid that they will lose control of the program
b. They are afraid that the information gathered will be abused
c. They believe that evaluation is pointless
d. All of these

A

d

65
Q

Information obtained from a web site gains credibility if

a. All of these increase credibility.
b. you can find biographical material validating the author’s credentials
c. the author is a well known authority
d. the author’s work is cited approvingly by a well-known authority

A

a

66
Q

An interrupted time series design lacks

a. external validity
b. a control group
c. manipulation of an independent variable
d. statistical control over many extraneous variables

A

b

67
Q

The 50th percentile is

a. The first quartile
b. The 75th percentile minus the 25th percentile
c. The score above which 50% of the cases fall
d. The score below which 50% of the cases fall

A

d

68
Q

In a frequency table, the rows indicate

a. frequency of the possible scores
b. possible scores
c. information about the possible scores
d. a tally of the possible scores

A

b

69
Q

A woman with chronic pain takes a course in relaxation therapy and reports that she has less pain. Can you be sure that the course really led to the pain relief?

a. No, there are too many potentially confounding variables.
b. No, you can never trust what patients tell you.
c. Only if we are careful to use the same pain scale before and after treatment.
d. Yes

A

a

70
Q

Failing to confirm a hypothesis

a. All of these
b. Proves that the hypothesis was wrong
c. Means that problems could have occurred in the instrumentation of the experiment
d. Means that problems could have occurred in the operationalization of variables

A

a

71
Q

A change in behavior simply as a result of earlier experience in the study is a threat to ________ validity.

a. internal
b. statistical
c. construct
d. external

A

a

72
Q

People tend to deviate from their true score on a test due to

a. regression effect
b. random error
c. mortality
d. maturation

A

b

73
Q

The problem with common sense as a way of knowing is

a. It is not based on formal logic
b. Standards of common sense vary according to the culture
c. It is a nonempirical method of knowing
d. There’s no problem with common sense

A

b

74
Q

Making every word count in a document is an example of which writing goal?

a. Clarity
b. Brevity
c. Felicity
d. An argument

A

b

75
Q

Authors on a paper are usually listed in

a. Alphabetically
b. By institution
c. Arbitrarily
d. Order of their contribution level

A

d

76
Q

The theory of obesity that makes the prediction that there should be situations in which overweight people eat less than average-weight people is

a. Based on common sense
b. Nonempirical
c. Counterintuitive
d. Based on authority

A

c

77
Q

Which one of the following is not a good general strategy for achieving control in research?

a. instrumenting the response
b. using trained researchers
c. using a laboratory setting
d. avoiding designs that require statistical analyses

A

d

78
Q

Withdrawing the treatment is

a. An important way to increase reliability in single-subject research
b. A way to evaluate the effects of error variance
c. Similar to using multiple baselines
d. An important control strategy in single-subject research

A

d

79
Q

Which one of the following is an example of an interval level of measurement?

a. weight (in pounds)
b. temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit)
c. height (in inches)
d. age (in years)

A

b

80
Q

The idea that a test appears to be measuring what it is supposed to be measuring relates to

a. internal validity
b. construct validity
c. face validity
d. both, face validity and construct validity

A

d

81
Q

bSystematic error is

a. error associated with the independent variable
b. error that is not associated with the independent variable
c. another name for error variance
d. more serious than error variance

A

b

82
Q

A ________ study tests the same group of individuals over a long period of time.

a. cross sequential
b. cross sectional
c. cohort
d. longitudinal

A

d

83
Q

One of the reasons that researchers will often use an existing questionnaire rather than designing their own is

a. In situations where the variables of interest are unclear
b. To minimize history as a threat to internal validity
c. To be able to compare their results to others who have used the survey
d. In situations where the purpose of the questionnaire is poorly defined

A

c

84
Q

A verification key checks for

a. recording errors
b. influence of social desirability
c. careless responses
d. poor command of language

A

b

85
Q

aReverse counterbalancing cannot control for ________ effects

a. nonlinear
b. within-subjects
c. order
d. sequence

A

a

86
Q

One of the challenges of performing archival research is

a. Locating an appropriate subject
b. Return rate
c. Finding the archives that contain the information
d. Figuring out statistical analysis

A

c

87
Q

An effective method of increasing the reliability of content analysis is to

a. use a standardized coding scheme, and use two or more coders to interpret the data
b. use a standardized coding scheme
c. use two or more coders to interpret the data
d. use a single coder to interpret the data

A

a

88
Q

In a study of preference for four different clothing styles, each participant is asked to evaluate all four styles in a reverse counterbalanced order. What type of design does this study represent?

a. Multiple conditions within-subjects design
b. Between-subjects factorial design
c. Mixed factorial design
d. Multiple conditions between subjects design

A

a

89
Q

Some search engines

a. Are limited to subscribers
b. Are slowed by other programs on your computer
c. Sell space to advertisers.
d. Store electronic journal articles

A

c

PSYC 304 Research Methods Athabasca (32 decks)

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