Chapter 1 FITB

Question 1

There are four ways of knowing about behavior:

Answer 1

authority, logic, intuition, and science

Question 2

Logic plays an important role in science, but is secondary in importance to …

Answer 2

observation.

Question 3

… plays a diminished role in science compared with other social institutions.

Answer 3

Authority

Question 4

— often contradicts — , but ultimately it rests on a certain kind of common sense

Answer 4

Scientific knowledge , common sense

Question 5

— is a way of obtaining knowledge based on objective observations

Answer 5

Science

Question 6

There is not one — method, but many — methods

Answer 6

scientific, scientific

Question 7

Science has the following characteristics:

Answer 7

It is empirical, 
objective, 
self-correcting, 
progressive, 
tentative, 
parsimonious, 
and concerned with
theory

Question 8

Science has five major working assumptions:

Answer 8

the reality, 
rationality, and
regularity of the world; 
the discoverability of how the world works; 
and
the operation of causality.

Question 9

Scientists assume that the world is —, but they do not assume that it is just the way it appears to be.

Answer 9

real

Question 10

The assumption of rationality means that the world is believed to be understandable via

Answer 10

logical thinking

Question 11

The assumption of — means that the world is believed to follow the same laws in all times and places

Answer 11

regularity

Question 12

The assumption of — means that scientists believe that it is possible to find out how the world works.

Answer 12

discoverability

Question 13

The assumption of — means that all events are believed to have causes.

Answer 13

causality

Question 14

The criteria of temporal precedence, co-variation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations are critical to establishing a — relationship between two events

Answer 14

cause-and-effect

Question 15

The goals of science include the

Answer 15

discovery of regularities and the development of theories

Question 16

Discovering — includes describing behavior, discovering lawful relationships among aspects of behavior, and searching for causes.

Answer 16

regularities

Question 17

Description of — is crucially important because it defines the subject matter for which laws are to be sought and theories developed.

Answer 17

behavior

Question 18

— is a statement that certain events are regularly associated with one another

Answer 18

A law

Question 19

The ultimate goal of science is the development of a theory to explain — relationships that exist in a particular field

Answer 19

lawful

Question 20

Broadly speaking, a — is a set of statements about the relationships among variables.

Answer 20

theory

Question 21

More narrowly, a theory is a set of statements about relationships among variables that includes at least one concept that is not —

Answer 21

directly observed

Question 22

— and — must be capable of being tested empirically

Answer 22

Theories, hypotheses

Question 23

Theories guide — and, in turn, are modified by — in a continuous cycle

Answer 23

research, research

Question 24

Theories have three main functions in science:

Answer 24

(1) organizing knowledge
and explaining laws,
(2) predicting new laws, and
(3) guiding research

Question 25

A — is a statement that is assumed to be true for the purpose of testing its —

Answer 25

hypothesis, validity

Question 26

— is the doctrine that scientific concepts must be tied to observable operations

Answer 26

Operationism

Question 27

Although it is important to define theoretical concepts —, scientists agree that an — definition does not completely define a concept

Answer 27

operationally, operational

Question 28

Progress in science often involves a major shift in theories and assumptions, known as a — rather than a steady accumulation of knowledge.

Answer 28

paradigm shift,