Chapter 12 FITB Flashcards
Experiments using — have been performed for as long as psychology has existed
single participants
The single-participant tradition assumes that — is imposed by the situation and therefore can be removed by careful attention to experi- mental control.
The individual-differences, group-research tradition assumes that much of the — is intrinsic and should be statistically analyzed
variability
Single-participant research has several advantages over group research:
It focuses on individual performance that may be obscured by group research,
and it focuses on big effects, avoiding ethical and practical problems in forming control groups and permitting greater flexibility in design
Averaging the data from group experiments may obscure — the average data may not resemble the performance of —
individual per- formance because, any single individual
Group experiments that find— may have little clinical or practical significance
small but significant effects
The term — refers to the probability that a statistical test will find a significant difference when there actually is a difference in the population from which the sample is drawn. A researcher can increase the — of an experiment by increasing the sample size or by increasing the size of the effect. The single-participant tradition prefers to focus on increasing the size of the effect
power
Basic — in single-participant research include obtaining a stable baseline, using withdrawal of the treatment, repeating treatments, changing only one variable at a time, using multiple baselines, and employing a changing criterion.
control strategies
A comparison design is often called an – design, and a design that
includes withdrawal of the treatment is called the — design. Two major difficulties with the —design are that the treatment may be irreversible or that the experimenter wants to leave the participants in the new state rather than return them to the original condition.
AB, ABA ABA
When treatment is repeated, the experiment is called an — design. The — design removes one of the objections to the – design in that it leaves the participant in the trained state.
ABAB, ABAB, ABA
When a single-participant experiment has several —, only one — should be changed at a time
variables, variable
The — design allows the evaluation of more than one treatment without violating the rule that only one variable is changed at a time. One treatment is given first, then the other
alternating-treatments
The — design is an effective way of demonstrating that the manipulation caused the behavior change. The manipulation is introduced at different times for different behaviors to see if the onset of behavior change coincides with the manipulation for each behavior.
multiple-baseline
Multiple-baseline designs can be used across
participants, across settings, or across behaviors.
The — design introduces successively more stringent — for reinforcement over time. It is useful when the behavior change is irreversible
changing-criterion, criteria
Psychophysical research often employs
single-participant designs
